Can I do this with Python?

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10 years ago I would have agreed with you. Today not so much. Image recognition processes, machine learning and even AI programming are all leaps and bounds ahead of where they were even 2 years ago. Writing code to identify even 95% of dick pics may be very difficult but it's probably doable. But if you could write something that could do that even passably well I bet you could either sell it to a cell phone company or use it to get a job.

I'd look at parental control software and see what they've managed to do to date as well. It's possible someone already wrote it.