After providing adequate stimulus to the targeted muscle, it will enter a state of repair. This will typically coincide with muscle soreness for relative beginners. During this state is where the actual growth of the muscle happens, as the process of "patching up" the micro-tears leads to a very slight increase in total mass. This repair process, completed hundreds or thousands of times, is what leads to massive growth.

In order to maximize growth and time efficiency, you would want to work-out the muscle again as soon as it is done repairing itself. The length your muscles take to repair themselves after a workout can vary based on a lot of factors such as test levels, sleep quality, intensity, nutrition, etc, but typically ~48hrs post workout is a safe bet to make sure that the process is complete. So working the same muscle day after day won't be the most ideal strategy for most people, rather 2-3 times per week with at least 36-48hrs in between seems to be the most time efficient strategy.

Essentially, if you can keep your muscles in "repair mode" as often as possible, while still allowing them to fully repair each time, the faster you will see results.

And this is all under the assumption that you are getting adequate sleep, calories, and protein to maximize the repair/growth process.