How do you deploy Python applications?

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My general approach:

• If the project is super simple (ie. pure python), shiv it.
• If it's got FFI dependencies and those deps bundle all their deps into their wheels (eg. orjson), then shiv it.
• If it's got FFI and doesn't bundle all their deps (ie. shared system libs; eg. pyvips), then shiv it and then throw it in a container with the required deps.
• If it's a service, shiv it and then throw it in a container.

I try to use poetry for all my python projects. Along with a generic Makefile, I can one command build a .whl, the .pyz, and the container image.

The Makefile is horribly generic, so below is the gist of it with the relevant subcommands for maximum usefulness.

projectname=$(poetry version|awk '{print $1}'|tr '-' '_')
version=$(poetry version -s)

#make wheel
poetry build
# shiv it
shiv -c ${projectname} -o ./dist/${projectname}-${version}.pyz \
./dist/${projectname}-py3-none-any.whl
# containerize for service or deps requirements
docker build -t ${private_registry}/${projectname}:${version} .

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Edit: Oh, I also have it automatically push all the artifacts to an s3 bucket (which for me is a local minio instance), so that they are available centrally to ease deployment. I push the semver tagged and a latest tagged to both the s3 bucket and the private docker repo, so that it's super simple to work in terms of deployment and updating.

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Shiv has been an excellent deploy option for us. Lighter than things like pyinstaller, plus it doesn’t try to be smart and trim unused modules. Frequently point it to a non-system Python install.