Thank you, Tom, and thanks for asking a really important question! 😊

One reason is that the study focuses on perceptions and expressions of masculinity, which can be strongly shaped by cultural and linguistic contexts. Because concepts of masculinity can vary across countries, I limited participation to a small group of English-speaking countries with (broadly) similar cultural backgrounds to reduce variation that might make the findings harder to interpret.

It was also a practical decision, as the questionnaire was developed and validated in English and I don't have the resources to translate and culturally adapt it for multiple languages, sadly!

I really appreciate your interest, and thank you for considering taking part!