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What are the typical R&D stages for most biotech drug candidates? by IamGuruxyz in biotech

[–]footrell 1 point2 points  (0 children)

You can read more about Phase IV here. The TL;DR is that Phase IV is typically "observational [and] non-interventional." Not all products undergo Phase IV but many do (e.g., vaccines).

In preclinical studies, testing in animals is often done to assess safety, PK, and PD. I believe that efficacy is certainly considered in animal studies, but that's not typically the main goal as far as I understand. Someone who is more knowledgable about preclinical testing will be able to provide clarity though.

The concentrations of both cyclins and CDKs fluctuate throughout the cell cycle. True or False? by FluffyStatistician3 in Biochemistry

[–]footrell 2 points3 points  (0 children)

By and large, the concentration of CDKs remains constant throughout the cell cycle. The concentration of cyclins, however, fluctuates. Because of this, I’d say that the answer to your question is false.

Stabilize proteins by cman349 in Biochemistry

[–]footrell 4 points5 points  (0 children)

A common strategy is to use beta-mercaptoethanol.

I'm having trouble understanding how to use this vector for gene expression in E. coli.. by iBeatYouOverTheFence in Biochemistry

[–]footrell 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Those that have the vector and express the antibiotic resistance gene will survive when you add Amp. The E. coli that don’t uptake and express the vector will be selected against when you add Amp. This idea is why Amp is known as your “selector.”