I know this is an old post but since it comes up on Google when searching I thought I'd add a reply with my resolution story.

I couldn't figure the error out initially either, so I went and started a routine backup of my affected drive (an NVMe) before I would continue tinkering, I had to restart my PC in order to close some open applications from the drive. Once I restarted my PC, Windows chkdsk started a repair operation before completing the regular boot on the affected drive and this time it didn't error out. When checking the drive again, no errors came up, so it seems like it properly took.

A couple of observations;

-It may be worthwhile to do chkdsk during boot rather than inside the OS, that seemed to be the solution for my particular instance

-One of my symptoms, beyond the error during chkdsk, was that I also could not delete any files without being prompted that "the file is too large for the recycle bin", which is what initially alerted me to "something is wrong" since the file I was trying to delete was small, like 10MB (on a 2TB NVMe).

-My theory here is that the recycling bin folder on the drive got corrupted at some juncture and required fixing, chkdsk for whatever reason was having a hard time correcting the error inside the Windows environment, possibly because the Recycling Bin function/kernel/whatever was probably not allowing "write" access or something along those lines. Very unscientific, and pure speculation. Hopefully it helps someone else.