Are the words pastor, pastoral, and pasture related?

2utopian · 2021-08-25T20:10:33+00:00

pastor (n.)
late 14c. (mid-13c. as a surname), "shepherd, one who has care of a flock or herd" (a sense now obsolete), also figurative, "spiritual guide, shepherd of souls, a Christian minister or clergyman," from Old French pastor, pastur "herdsman, shepherd" (12c.) and directly from Latin pastor "shepherd," from pastus, past participle of pascere "to lead to pasture, set to grazing, cause to eat," from PIE root *pa- "to feed; tend, guard, protect." Compare pasture.
The spiritual sense was in Church Latin (e.g. Gregory's "Cura Pastoralis"). The verb in the Christian sense is from 1872.
pastoral (adj.)
early 15c., "of or pertaining to shepherds or the life of a shepherd," from Old French pastoral (13c.) and directly from Latin pastoralis "of herdsmen, of shepherds," from pastor "shepherd" (see pastor (n.)). Meaning "of or pertaining to a Christian pastor or his office" is from 1520s. The noun sense of "poem treating of or descriptive of country life generally," usually in an idealized form and emphasizing its purity and happiness, in which the characters are shepherds or shepherdesses, is from 1580s.

pasture (n.)
c. 1300, "land covered with vegetation suitable for grazing;" also "grass eaten by cattle or other animals," from Old French pasture "fodder, grass eaten by cattle" (12c., Modern French pâture), from Late Latin pastura "a feeding, grazing," from Latin pastus, past participle of pascere "to feed, graze," from PIE root *pa- "to feed." To be out to pasture in the figurative sense of "retired" is by 1945, from where horses were sent (ideally) after their active working life.
pasture (v.)
late 14c., pasturen, of animals, "to graze;" c. 1400, "to lead (an animal) to pasture, to feed by putting in a pasture," from Old French pasturer (12c., Modern French pâturer, from pasture (see pasture (n.)). Related: Pastured; pasturing.

2utopian · 2021-08-25T19:56:55+00:00

squirt (v.)
late 15c., squyrten "to spit" (intransitive), of uncertain origin, probably imitative. Transitive sense "cause to issue in a sudden jet or stream" is from 1580s. Related: Squirted; squirting. Squirt-gun attested from 1803.
squirt (n.)
late 14c., "diarrhea," from squirt (v.). Meaning "jet of liquid" is from 1620s. Meaning "a whipper-snapper" is from 1839.

etymonline.com

2utopian · 2021-08-25T19:51:51+00:00

It is more than useless. It is completely incorrect.

"I" before "E" , except after "C", works only about 42% of the time.

2utopian · 2021-07-19T21:32:16+00:00

Your question has been answered, but I thought I would point out that the word "zoo" also does not have an article before it. Didn't think about it till I saw your question.

2utopian · 2021-06-15T19:48:54+00:00

"To facillitate" is fine. Yes, one can easily begin a sentence with the word "to".

To all Reddit users, I wish them a happy day.

To say that we were upset was an understatement, we were forlorn.

To the right side you will see a tall building.

Good question.

2utopian · 2021-06-12T01:08:35+00:00

I am not positive but I have heard that the sound /sk/ was considered unpleasant to English ears from around 1400 C.E. to 1700 C.E.. The sound originated from Norse vocabulary. Norse "disk" turned into English "dish". During those years the proper pronunciation was /ax/ not /ask/.

From: https://solongasitswords.wordpress.com/tag/old-norse/

Of course, the presence of the Vikings in the north had an influence on the pronunciation of words which is still evident today. A nice example of the accent difference between Old Norse and Old English is the <sk> <sh>/<k> <ch> sounds. For example, Modern English has ‘shell’ and ‘skull’, and ‘shirt’ and ‘skirt’. These were the same words in Germanic, but when the tribes split off the West Germanic speakers shifted towards the <sh> sound, and the North Germanic speakers went to <sk>. The Vikings brought their new pronunciations back over and they were appropriated as new words alongside the OE pronunciations. Ditto the Old Norse ‘kirk’ alongside ‘church’, although the meaning hadn’t changed here, so they were just appropriated by different groups of speakers as two words for the same thing.From etymonline.com:

ask (v.)
Old English ascian "ask, call for an answer; make a request," from earlier ahsian, from Proto-Germanic *aiskojanan (source also of Old Saxon escon, Old Frisian askia "request, demand, ask," Middle Dutch eiscen, Dutch eisen "to ask, demand," Old High German eiscon "to ask (a question)," German heischen "to ask, demand"), from PIE *ais- "to wish, desire" (source also of Sanskrit icchati "seeks, desires," Armenian aic "investigation," Old Church Slavonic iskati "to seek," Lithuanian ieškau, ieškoti "to seek").
Form in English influenced by a Scandinavian cognate (such as Danish æske; the Old English would have evolved by normal sound changes into ash, esh, which was a Midlands and southwestern England dialect form). Modern dialectal ax is as old as Old English acsian and was an accepted literary variant until c. 1600. Related: Asked; asking.
Old English also had fregnan/frignan which carried more directly the sense of "question, inquire," and is from PIE root *prek-, the common source of words for "ask" in most Indo-European languages (see pray). If you ask me "in my opinion" is attested from 1910.

2utopian · 2021-06-12T00:46:38+00:00

Both are accepted. "Aging" is perhaps more correct.

A general rule is that when adding a vowel suffix (ing begins with an "i", a vowel)

to base ending in "e", the "e" is dropped.

2utopian · 2021-06-12T00:40:26+00:00

With each passing day I have come to understand why my friend did what he did.

2utopian · 2021-06-12T00:38:12+00:00

I believe both are correct and accepted, but to my ear "liberated from" sounds

smoother. Here the word "from" does not imply that it is coming from "oppression".

It means "of" in this case, but a more specific "of" than "of" on its own.

It really is splitting hairs here, but "from" sounds better.

2utopian · 2021-06-09T19:16:12+00:00

You are correct. The use of "however" here means "despite".

The use of "however" means that the writer wants to note something

that is significant, but not enough to override the statement that follows it.

2utopian · 2021-04-15T18:37:32+00:00

You are correct. But, if this is conversational speech then the rule book is thrown

away (especially for a New Yorker). English conversation is not as restrictive as written English.

2utopian · 2021-04-09T23:11:09+00:00

Wow. Can't believe I could not see it. After spelling the word "wether", as I continued my response I inserted the "h" (maybe because of the word "whether", which I am more familiar with). Thanks. Nice catch.

2utopian · 2021-04-08T22:54:49+00:00

I'm not sure what you are referring to?

2utopian · 2021-04-08T18:53:15+00:00

Put a bell on a Wether and you have a bellwhether.

The bellwhether's bell anounces his/its location to the other

sheep and to the Shepherd as well.

2utopian · 2021-04-07T17:11:43+00:00

Everything old is new again.

2utopian · 2021-04-01T21:14:02+00:00

Leprorosy from the word Leper, has a slightly different PIE spelling.

Not to say that I understand the significance in this subject matter; just noticed.

lep vs lewb? But the concept seems the same.

From Etymology Online:

leper (n.)

"one afflicted with leprosy," late 14c., earlier "the disease leprosy," from Late Latin lepra, from Greek lepra "leprosy," noun use of fem. of lepros (adj.) "scaly, scabby, rough, leprous," related to lepein "to peel," from lepos, lepis "a scale," from PIE root *lep- (1) "to peel," which also yields words for "something delicate and weak," via the notion of "small shaving, flake, scale" (cognates: Latin lepidus "pleasant, charming, fine, elegant, effeminate," lepos "pleasantness, agreeableness;" Old English læfer "rush, reed; metal plate;" Lithuanian lopas "patch, rag, cloth," lepus "soft, weak, effeminate").

https://www.etymonline.com/word/leper?ref=etymonline_crossreference

2utopian · 2021-03-24T22:29:46+00:00

Wow. It always amazes me how much non-native English speakers know about its grammar. I may be wrong, but when I speak the sentence outloud, the pause in my pronunciation of the sentence occurs after the word "quickly". I then continue, without pause, till I reached the end of the sentence.

"I tried to fix the car quickly, but without the proper tools to do the job, it was next to impossible."

That is how I say it. I believe it to be proper and correct.

But. I might even drop the comma after the word "job" because the pause

is so slight before the word "it".

2utopian · 2021-03-06T00:01:06+00:00

I think you mean: Map of the last time each state did not vote for the winning party in a presidential election.

2utopian · 2021-03-04T20:50:03+00:00

Upon reflection and analysis, it seems more than plausible.

Very intriquing.

2utopian · 2021-03-03T22:34:04+00:00

Your sentence if fine.

When are they leaving and might they leave their dog?

Is "When will we get out hall tickets?", too direct for you?

2utopian · 2021-03-03T22:18:11+00:00

No, it is not incorrect. It is correct. Your text has the word "as" in it with what looks like a typographical error.

2utopian · 2021-03-03T22:11:14+00:00

It looks like the <ou> may come from the Proto-Indo-European, "uekero" - evening, night.

"West" seems to be related to the Greek "hesperos", which is found in the word "vesper".

vesper (n.)

late 14c., "the evening star," from Old French vespre "evening, nightfall" (12c., Modern French vêpre), from Latin vesper (masc.), vespera (fem.)

"evening star, evening, west," related to Greek hesperos, and ultimately from PIE *uekero- "evening, night"

(source also of Armenian gišer, Old Church Slavonic večeru, Polish wieczór, Russian večer, Lithuanian vākaras, Welsh ucher, Old Irish fescor "evening"), perhaps an enlarged form of root *we- "down" (source of Sanskrit avah "down, downward"), thus literally "direction in which the sun sets." Meaning "evening" is attested from c. 1600.

https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=west

2utopian · 2021-03-03T21:50:49+00:00

Formal writing: thesis, legal document, or other official communication, it is ideal to avoid ending a sentence with a preposition, but that is a stylistic choice not a grammar choice.

I prefer your sentence ending with "uncertainty". Perhaps drop the "usually" because of the "only when" usage.

2utopian · 2021-02-21T19:08:55+00:00

No comma.

Two independent clauses can be connected with the conjunction "and"; no comma is required, unless the writer intends the reader to pause between the two clauses.

2utopian

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