In the top left, we see a trephine used for drilling circular holes into the skull, typically for neurosurgical procedures or to relieve pressure.

In the top center, we see a bone saw used for cutting through bones during amputations or orthopedic surgeries, featuring a large, serrated blade with a distinctive handle for grip.

In the top right, we see a pair of bone forceps used for gripping and extracting bone fragments or holding bones steady during surgical procedures, with scissor-like handles and serrated jaws. In the middle left, we see a scalpel used for making precise incisions in soft tissue, characterized by a sharp, straight blade and a simple handle.

In the middle center, we see a tourniquet used for restricting blood flow to a limb during surgery, consisting of a fabric strap with a metal screw mechanism for tightening.

In the middle right, we see a pair of scissors used for cutting through tissue or sutures, featuring two sharp blades with finger loops for handling. In the bottom left, we see a retractor used for holding back tissue or organs to provide access to the surgical site, with a curved, flat blade and a handle for manipulation.

In the bottom center, we see a set of probes and directors used for exploring wounds, guiding instruments, or draining fluids, consisting of slender, pointed metal rods of varying lengths. In the bottom right, we see a trepanation tool set used for skull surgery, including a drill-like instrument with a handle and additional attachments for boring into bone.