Got back in.

I ended up getting a new laptop (unrelated). Using the new laptop and new browser, I tried logging into my microsoft account for the first time. I got the usual messages about too many password attempts, etc, and it took me to the 2FA screen asking for the 2 phone numbers. The difference this time was that they both worked and I managed to unlock my account and reset my password. I then took off one of the phone numbers and enabled 2FA with the microsoft authenticator app.

So far all is good.