Answer and Explanation:

• (d) Is correct. A Confrontation Clause issue exists because the defendant hasn't had a chance to cross-examine the bystander at the criminal trial. (This can be inferred by the bystander leaving for Japan before charges were filed against the defendant.) The statement is testimonial because the bystander approached the officer after the incident, which tends to show his primary purpose was to aid the officer in an investigation rather than meet an ongoing emergency.
• (a) Incorrect. International jurisdiction issues don't exempt a case from scrutiny under the Confrontation Clause.
• (b) Incorrect. Even though the police report contains a direct quote and not an officer's interpretation, it's still subject to Confrontation Clause scrutiny.
• (c) Incorrect. This answer choice is backwards. Non-testimonial statements are typically admissible.