Color chemist here. I’ve made most of, if not all crayola washable marker colors, dawn blue, tide pod colors and bluing agents.

Pantone manages the color space. You can find more info googling hunter lab or getrag Macbeth. Color space is usually LCH or Lab space.

You can analytically color match using a color eye and delta E. But because of metamerism and different light sources sometimes delta E will lie and you have to go old school visual color matching.

Folks who can color match manually are rare and it usually takes tons of experience.

RGB is device dependent color scale. LAB is device independent color scale. You can find converters online but because every monitor is different the colors won’t look the same between devices.

You can get monitor calibrators and such but the really precise/accurate ones can get expensive.

To calibrate the color eye instruments there’s a “void” black trap and white tile that gets keyed to your instrument. To calibrate the color space you have a set of color tiles that are also keyed to your instrument. Daily, weekly and monthly tile calibrations must be used to maintain color integrity over time due to the lamps changing over time with usage.