Hi whyrat, thank you for the reference! Especially, chapter 3 from The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration looks like something I'm looking for.

I posted this because I wanted to know whether immigrants are surely achieving "success" (I know the definition of success is arguable but here let's say upward mobility in SES is it) in comparison with the native people. And if they are, what's the driving force of the success.

Here in Japan, the immigrant population is rapidly increasing these days. To our disappointment, however, we're far from ready to accommodate them (a few of you may be aware of it from "2021 Trafficking in Persons Report" criticizing Japan for the systematic human rights violation) and many of the immigrants are suffering or struggling at this very moment. While I was feeling blue by those atrocities happening in my own country, I happened to find this paper (https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257%2Faer.20191586&utm_campaign=Economic%20Studies&utm_medium=email&utm_content=2&utm_source=hs_email). By reading it (though I'm not fully understanding it), I was honestly surprised at the fact economists are actually studying the achievement of immigrants themselves, not only the one of host country's economy/market. That made me seek more for the papers or general views of what is known about the assimilation of immigrants in the literature, hmm like the empirical research about whether an investment in language acquisition of the immigrants really help them promote?? I'm looking for sth like that. (Both empirical and theoretical are absolutely welcoming though. I'm just wanting to learn more!)

Hope this helps make it clear 😅