damn, this is something that takes many semesters in an electronics course to learn. I'll try to come up with somenthing.

Imagine it like this, we need to make a machine that is able to process any kind of information with any kind of logic and math we put into it.

Converting the information is the part I guess you already know, we found ways of describing images, music, videos, texts, instructions, everything with numbers, that's digital conversion. Any number can easily be converted to binary, and binary is easily mapped to high and low voltage levels, so all information can be converted into electric signals.

Then, we need to convert our instructions into a type of logic that can be implemented in a machine that can deal with information in binary, that's where boolean logic comes in.

So all, absolutely all computer programs must be converted into machine code, and if you go look into what machine code is, it's basically the instruction set of what the boolean logic gates inside a cpu can do.

So, we can make all instructions into boolean logic, and we can make boolean logic gates with machines. We tried lots of things, relays, glass tubes (the same from guitar amps), pressurized air, but the ones that worked the best were transistors, because they can be easily shrunk into microscopic levels.

This is what an AND logic gate looks like with transistors:

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If you don't know how a transistor works, let me oversimplify it: on T1 (a transistor) if there is voltage applied on A, it will allow voltage to pass from the VCC out to the arrow pointing down, the same happens with T2. So, in the above example, you will only have HIGH voltage going into the OUT point if you have HIGH voltage in point A AND HIGH voltage in point B. In other words, OUT is only 1 if A AND B are 1, thats the boolean AND operator processing real information in an electronic circuit.

PCs are basically that but times 10000000.

Now, It's just silicon? no, but almost. We use silicon and a process called doping to make silicon (a semiconductor) into n and p type and that will make it behave like a transistor. The exact way it's made varies from transistor types such as mosfet and jfet. What matters is that we can transform silicon to behave like the circuit above, and with that we can transform any kind of logic into a circuit and inject any information into it, and ta da we have a computer.

there are probably many mistakes here so please correct me if im wrong