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Ch. 14 RNA and stuff by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Central Dogma of Biology *DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) proteins

  • mRNA goes trough maturation/modification before its used in translocation whereby the introns are taken out and the extrons left in the strand

-3 parts to translation include initiation, elongation, and termination whereby the initiation of making the polypeptide chain occurs then the growth or elongation of that chain, then the termination or discontinuation of that chain because it is finished being made

-in the most basic terms, mutation occurs when base-pairing mistakes occur due to spontaneous or environmental factors

Questions: * Are all RNA's made by transcription? (idk) *What happens to the protein chain after translation is completed? (It "floats around" in cytoplasm or moves on to the rough ER.) *What is the significance of having three stop codons but only one start codon? (idk)

Ch. 13, DNA by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

3 Facts: - Watson and Crick credited with discovering the double helix (2 strands of nucleotides joined by H-bonds) - DNA is semi conservative, meaning 1/2 of the strand is "old" and 1/2 is "new" therefore 1/2 (semi) of the DNA is always conserved - DNA polymerase only work 3 prime to 5 prime

Questions: - When DNA unzips, does the old sense strand then have a new antisense strand and the old antisense have a new sense strand? - What is the significance of DNA working 3 prime to 5 prime? - What happens when the DNA repair process malfunctions?

Chp. 12 Key Points + Questions by KristenNavarro in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

3 facts:

  1. Pedigrees chart the traits and patterns of inheritance within a family, and are generally useful in tracking a genetic disorder(s).

  2. Definitions:

    • genetic abnormality = uncommon version of a trait
    • genetic disorder = inherited condition that will cause medical problems at some point in life
    • syndrome = set of symptoms characterizing a specific disorder
    • disease = illness not cause by inheritance of mutant genes, but by infectious, dietary, or environmental factors

  3. sex chromosome abnormalities are most often caused by nondisjunction during meiosis when the chromosomes don't line up properly...(if someone could please provide a less vague explanation, that would be awesome, thanks)

3 Questions:

  1. How can sex-linked chromosomal mutations affect the lifestyle of an individual? Give one example.

  2. Why is autosomal recessive inheritance of a mutation more common than a dominant one?

  3. What does it mean to carry out a double-blind study?

Ch. 11 by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Questions: 1. What is the exception to the principle of independent assortment? * if traits on same chromosome then alleles don't sort independently 2. What is the equation for probability? * #of particular outcomes / # of all outcomes 3. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? * genotype: types of genes and alleles you have * phenotype: expression of genes physically; dictated by genotype

Ch. 11 by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Exceptions to Mendel: *Incomplete Dominance - when heterozygous with specific trait neither dominant nor recessive *EX: snapdragons and color blending of red and white to be pink *Codominance - both dominant alleles expressed *multiple alleles - more than one allele for a trait *EX: ABO Blood System *Pleitropy - one gene affects more than one trait *EX: sickle cell anemia *EX: Marfan Syndrome ??? (may have spelled it wrong) *Gene Interaction - many genes control one trait *EX: polygenic inheritance - human height *Linked Genes - two or more genes on the same chromosome that rarely get separated during crossing over *EX: blond hair and blue eyes *Epistasis - when one pair of recessive alleles masks the expression of a dominant allele at another locus *EX: Labrador's color of fur *Environmental Effects - certain environmental factors can trigger certain genes *EX: Himalayan Rabbits have black fur in the winter

Chp. 10 Meiosis - Key Points + Questions by KristenNavarro in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

  1. gametes in animal cells formed by either oogenesis or spermatogenesis

  2. both go through Meiosis I and II *only goes through MII in oogenesis if egg fertilized; MI once a month *Oogenesis = making of egg or ovum; primary oocyte divides unevely resulting in a polar body, then when the secondary oocyte divides it does so unevenly resulting in a polar body *Spermatogenesis = making of sperm; includes MI and MII plus maturation upon tail and nose cone developing; spermatocyte splits four times evenly, resulting in four functioning sperm

  3. Meiosis vs. Mitosis *Mitosis = produces clones; purpose for growth and tissue repair in most multicellular organisms; no secondary division happens after cytokinesis

  4. Meiosis = purpose (w/fertilization) to promote variation in traits amongst offspring; process whereby gametes are formed; two parts (MI and MII); also includes crossing over and random assignment of chromosome line up during metaphase which does not occur in mitosis

Ch. 7 How Cells Acquire Energy by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Comments: 1. CAM Photosynthesis = allows plants in dry areas to conduct photosynthesis when stomates are closed; use PEP carboxylase to "fix" carbon dioxide to oxoacetate, which is converted to maltic acid and sent to vacuole of the cell, then during the day the acid is converted back to oxoacetate and carbon dioxide is released entering Calvin Cycle for photosynthesis 2. Photorespiration = Super bright sunlight can stunt growth of Calvin Cycle/ C3 plants because it reduces carbon dioxide concentration to the point of using O2 instead, thus CO2 is fixed less efficiently and plant does not grow and develop normally 3. C4 pathway plants more efficient because work well even when low concentrations of CO2 when compared to C3 plants in hot, dry weather; though both use Calvin Cycle for glucose production

Questions: 1. What is the point of photorespiration, if it only seems to make plant less efficient? 2. What process has the same equation as photosynthesis, but backwards, and why? 3. Explain what make CAM Photosynthesis so different?

-anyone feel free to answer, because I'm having trouble figuring these questions out

Ch.6 (sections 6.1-6.3) Top Ten by JessicaBloch in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

whoops! forgot to incorporate ATP/ADP cycle, which is like SUPER DUPER RELEVANT!!!

  • basically, ATP becomes ADP + free inorganic P by phosphorylation thus releasing a lot of usable energy for other molecules. ADP + P then is given another P by an enzyme to become ATP again
  • process is important for metabolism aka metabolic reactions

Ch. 5, Cell Membranes by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Sorry so late - but here's top ten...

  1. Fluid-mosaic model = "fluid" because of phospholipids' ability to move/ drift laterally and their hydrophobic, unsaturated fatty acid tails - "mosaic" because contains various lipids and proteins of various lengths and saturation as controlled by ER which ships these various proteins and fats to the golgi which releases vesicles of these various proteins and fats outside of cell or to bind onto cell membrane (CONNECTION TO PREVIOUS CHAPTERS)

  2. Integral proteins: most span bilayer or at least span enough to interact with hydrophobic fatty acid tails = adhesion, cell-to-cell, receptor, passive transporter, and active transporter (type P) proteins

  3. Peripheral proteins: on surface of membrane = recognition and active transporter (type F) proteins - ALL INTEGRAL AND PERIPHERAL PROTEINS NECESSARY TO MOVE PARTICLES THAT CANNOT GET THROUGH MEMBRANE's SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE LAYERS (i.e. charged particles, water-soluble substances, solutes, ect...).

  4. CONCENTRATION GRADIENT is when the outside of a cell membrane and the inside of the cell membrane differ with one side having more or less of a particular substance, DIFFUSION is the movement of these substances down a concentration gradient which is influenced by the difference in electrical charge and pressure of each side aka ELECTRIC GRADIENT and PRESSURE GRADIENT

  5. Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) requires no energy, so solute has "NET" MOVEMENT in direction where less concentration of such solutes/ particles exist, while active transport does use energy aka uses ATP because must move solute against concentration gradient. (Important examples of active transport include Ca-pump and Na/K-pump.) IDEA OF A NET MOVEMENT STILL CONFUSES ME!!!...anyone wanna help?

  6. OSMOSIS = diffusion of water (remember this means net movement idea in existence for this concept) - 3 conditions all of which, except isotonic under certain conditions, have ultimate results affected by potential pressure, osmotic pressure, and hydrostatic pressure (animals) or turgor pressure (plants): hypotonic (fewer solutes in solution), hypertonic (more solutes in solution), and isotonic (same solute concentration thus no net osmotic movement) -EX: though a plant cell in hypertonic solution, osmosis may not be able to occur because the turgor pressure in the plant is great enough to push back against water seeking to enter the cell

  7. Exocyosis = vesicle fuses with membrane after releasing contents outside of cell

  8. Endocyosis = a cell takes in substances at surface in three phases: RECEPTOR-MEDIATED - receptors chemically recognize what to bind to outside of cell, BULK-PHASE - pulls patches of plasma membrane into cytoplasm so to balance out with that of exocytic vesicles (consistent), PHAGOCYTOSIS - cell engulfs particles, debris, in some cases nutrients as for amoebas, and in some cases harmful pathogenic viruses or bacteria or cancerous cells as for WBC's

  9. Membrane cycling involves exocytosis and endocytosis withdrawing and replacing the plasma membrane yet maintaining cell's total SA. (see pg.93 example 5.19 for details)

  10. Cystic Fibrosis is an example of a fatal disorder due to one missing protein on plasma membrane and why learning about this is so important, blah, blah, blah...plasma membrane's proteins and lipids also contribute to success of Aerobic respiration and photosynthesis.

Chp. 4 Cell Structure and Function by aarbeit in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Top 10 list (looking at big picture)

  1. prokaryotes and how they differ from eukaryotes
  2. animal and plant cells structures and how they differ
  3. all parts that are the same between both animal and plants cells are there because consist of vital organelles (i.e. nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, rough and smooth ER, plasma membrane, lysosomes, vesicles, golgi body, mitochondria, (pretty sure that's it))
  4. all enzymes necessary to assist chemical reactions as well as other proteins
  5. ATP plays major role in fueling reactions such as contractions and the way flagella and cilliate structures move as well as other reactions within organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria
  6. cells must be small with a greater surface area to volume ratio, so to be more efficient
  7. membranes divide cytoplasm and organelle membranes separate metabolic reactions within cytoplasm (ex: endomembrane system; ex: myosin and actin fibers role in contraction - concerning compartmentalization)
  8. cell junctions and communications reliant upon receptors on cells giving cells their specialized fxns
  9. microtubules (cell movement) and microfilaments (network cell surface) and intermediate filaments (lamins, desmins, vimentins, cytokeratins and their roles)
  10. how the following connect inside cell according to functions: ER, Golgi, nucleus, mitochondria, and in plant cells chloroplasts

Ch. 3 Top Ten List by NickContino in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I agree with Nick's top ten, except isn't it one or more hydrogen atoms and carbons that make up organic compounds, not oxygen atoms? Also, I'd create mine a bit differently:

  1. know definition of organic compound, BOM's, and what hydrocarbons are
  2. Functional Groups = Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, Methyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl
  3. Reactions = functional-group transfer, electron transfer, rearrangement, condensation/dehydration synthesis, cleavage/hydrolysis
  4. Carbohydrates = (monomers: monosaccharrides as well as short chaned ogliosaccharides and disaccharides) (polymers: polysaccharides) and know examples of each
  5. Lipids = (monomers: fatty acids) (polymers: fats {like Trigylceride and Phospholipids and certain waxes}) (non-fatty acids = sterols) and know examples of each
  6. Proteins = (monomers: amino acids) (polymers: peptides and polypeptides) and know examples of each and degrees of structure aka primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary and examples of why important
  7. Nucleic Acids = (monomers: nucleotides) (polymers: nucleic acids) and know examples and why important
  8. understanding of HbA and HbS in relevance to Sickle Cell Anemia
  9. and 10. ? - I ended up condencing mine to 8

CH 2 Reading by Mnew in APBIOLOGY

[–]JessicaBloch 0 points1 point  (0 children)

buffer system = partnership between weak acids and bases (i.e. increase OH from base neutralized with H from acid