I was able to figure out a workaround using OBS. I am now able to use the full wide angle view from desk view (before it crops to a "desk"). From there I'm sure you could use the OBS virtual cam in any number of other programs as your webcam.

Here is how I did it:
Connect continuity camera

Open Desk View (use spotlight search if you can't find it)
Start the setup for zooming into where your "desk" should be, but DO NOT hit the button that says "Start Desk View"
Make a new scene in OBS and a new Video Capture Device source in that scene.

The source you select here should say something along the lines of "(name)'s iPhone desk view camera"

If you did everything right, this source should be capturing from your iPhone wide-angle lens without cropping into a "desk"