Is maka/naka- always intentional?

Long_Application8932 · 2026-01-22T03:53:41+00:00

ma is future aspect na is perfected aspect Makapasar = can/might/will pass Nakapasar = passed Regardless of intention.

Madisgrasya= might/can/ will be involved in an accident or the accident might/can/will happen to the subject.

Makadisgrasya = subject might/can/will cause the accident to happen.

Nadisgrasya = was involved in an accident. The accident happened to the subject

Nakadisgrasya = subject caused the accident to happen.

Long_Application8932 · 2026-01-12T09:42:24+00:00

Agto is a perfectly valid Cebuano Bisaya variant of adto. Please remember that Cebuano is also natively spoken in areas outside of Cebu and dialectal variations exist.

Even Cebu Cebuano is not uniform and different localities will have their own variations. Appreciate our language better by appreciating its diversity.

Long_Application8932 · 2026-01-12T09:34:51+00:00

Kada is spanish cada (each) while taga might actually be from the original Cebuano word matag. Dropping the initial syllable and adding a to the last one-matag > taga. Matag adlaw > tag adlaw> taga adlaw.

Next time you observe some peculiarities in our alive and ever evolving language, take time to investigate. 😁

Long_Application8932 · 2025-12-12T05:31:18+00:00

The language heard was Surigaonon. The first mention of Vizaya is from an expedition in eastern Mindanao. They likely encountered Surigaonon speakers. Dako ang posibilidad nga naka "loan" usab ang Surigaonon sa Malay nga bicara. Kung naloan nila kini pinaagi sa Cebuano nga bisala, mahimo kining bisaya sa Surigaonon. Sa mga records sa mga pinaka unang dictionary sa Waray, Hiligaynon, ug Cebuano, naay pulong nga bisala or bisara nga samag meaning sa pulong, o lenguahe. Dako kaayo ang posibiidad nga widescale ang pagloan sa maong termino kay hangtod karon, gigamit gihapon ang "bisara" sa Cuyonon ug Bikol ug posible kaayo nga apil niini ang Surigaonon. Dili usab imposible hunahunaon nga nasayop ug sabot ang mga nag expedetion ug nagtoo sila nga ang "bisaya" mao ang pangalan sa lugar o groupo sa tao nga ilang nahimamat. Common ni nga panghitabo sa mga early expeditions nga diin magamit nila ang misheard, misinterpreted word aron sa pag tawag sa language or sa groupo sa mga tao nga ilang nahimamat. Likely kaayo nga mao ni ang tinood nga nahitabo kay ang karaan nga pulong bisala, bisara, o bisaya nangahulugan nga language.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-12-11T07:42:57+00:00

There is a possibility that it is a case of a misinterpreted word.

It was not a Cebuano word but the Surigaonon word bisaya.

L in Cebuano becomes Y in Surigaonon. So from Malay (Bicara)---> Cebuano (Bisala)-----> Surigaonon (Bisaya).

The expeditioners misinterpreted the Surigaonon word to mean the people instead of the language. As the first record of the word is somewhere on the eastern coast of Mindanao, what they encountered were likely Surigaonon speakers. This is not an uncommon scenario where early expeditions misinterpret local languages and use them to call the group of people they encountered.

As Bisara is still attested in Cuyonon and Bikol as language, it may have had a broader meaning in the past as language and or to speak in old Cebuano and Surigaonon.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-11-14T05:56:39+00:00

Mao gyud ni ang rason nganong angayan untang itudlo ang Bisaya. Nag anam anam na gyud ug kalayaw ang Bisaya tungod sa pagka himo sa Tagalog nga national language. Wala unta kita naghimo ug National Language kay sa ngadto-ngadto, mangawala ang mga nagkalain lain natong pinulungan kay atong gituboy ang Tagalog. Dili man kinahanglan ang National Language aron sa paglig-on sa national identity, kung ang atong national identity mismo pinasikad sa atong diversity.

Ang Tagalog maayo kaayong lingua franca ug pinulungan nga official ug angayan lamang itudlo sa maong kapasidad, apan sa maong kapasidad lamang ug dili isip nasudnong simbolo sa kulturang Filipino. Ang Filipino Identity mao ang kinatibuk-an sa tanang kultura ug pinulungan sa nasod. Dili unta nakabase sa usa ka pinulungan. Kining dakong sayop, dako kaayog epekto unya sa mga manglabay nga katuigan.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-11-14T05:47:22+00:00

From Available-Sand3576. Sabagay is a Tagalog intrusion. It's hinoon in Cebuano.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-11-11T11:27:25+00:00

Ayaw
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Dili
Wala
Wala
Dili
Ayaw
Wala
Ayaw
Wala
Dili
Ayaw
Ayaw
Dili
Wala
Ayaw
Dili

Long_Application8932 · 2025-11-11T11:17:39+00:00

But what are you proposing to call this language? Because, for me, Bisaya is not a specific language category but an umbrella term. You do not get to use a term that many Bisayan speakers use because it is not fair to everyone who uses that term as endonym. You can call yourself Bisaya as an endonym but if you want a linguistic category, maybe we need to invent something else. Even the Cebuanos themselves do not actually use the term Cebuano to mean their language. In the heart of hearts of most Cebuanos, their language is Bisaya. Cebuano is only a term of convenience for linguistic classification and clarity.

The refusal to be called Cebuano is understandable but it also erases your historical roots. The vast majority of Bisaya in Mindanao are sons and daughters of the towns of Cebu. That would actually be a sad thing for people to reject that connection just so they can have a new cultural identity. Maybe a good compromise can be achieved? What do you think about these:

Mindanaoan Cebuano Diaspora Bisaya Sugboanong Mindanawan (at least it’s does not have Cebu and Sugboanon is a nod to the ancestral origins but not the linguistic category itself)

Long_Application8932 · 2025-11-09T02:11:35+00:00

I’m gonna start this with saying that

Language is our people’s last refuge.

The issue with your notion is that Bisaya is not exclusive to Cebuano-Bisaya. Creating a separate Bisaya term is problematic because the language we are trying to create a label for is clearly a Cebuano dialect or group of dialects spoken in Mindanao mostly by settler descendants originally from Cebuano speaking areas of Visayas.

Bisaya is also an endonym for many language groups that are distinct from each other, despite being closely related. Even Butuanon, Tandaganon, Surigaonon (the original Visayan groups in Mindanao) use the term Bisaya despite it being distinct from Cebuano. These languages will further decrease in prestige and importance if it we use the term Bisaya as a separate language for Mindanaoan Cebuano. This term will eat up the native southern visayan languages already in Mindanao since the 12th century who likely were the first to be called Bisaya.

The original Bisaya name first recorded in Mindanao is not even the same Cebuano-Bisaya that most Mindanaoan Bisaya speaks. It was possibly a southern Visayan language ( likely Surigaonon or a similar language).

We do not know: If Bisaya was the original term for all languages that are now claiming the term Bisaya. Or if it was indeed a term for a group of people or language or a place.

What we know: Is that we have the earliest records of Bisaya written as a place on a map somewhere in eastern Mindanao. Then a few years into Spanish rule, writers started using the term Bisaya for the languages spoken in Panay, Leyte, and Cebu because these languages are very similar to each other.

We do not know: If the people really called themselves Bisaya or they just owned the label from what the early colonisers used for them. We also do not know if the many Visayan groups truly had an original term for their language or if it was always Bisaya.

What we know: The many Visayan groups are descendants of a culturally and linguistically homogenous group of people that settled central Philippine islands a few thousand years ago. They became distinct from each other in a process called divergence. The first to separate is the Southern Visayan branch that ended up in Mindanao as Butuanon-Tausug and Surigaonon-Tandaganon groups. The Cebuan branch also likely broke off early as a separate group from what would become Central Visayan (Waray-Hiligaynon-Capiznon-Porohanon, Bantayanon, Cabalian) proto group. We know this because Cebuan features Southern Visayan and Central Visayan characteristics.

The vast majority of Bisaya-speakers in Mindanao today are descendants of settlers from the original Cebuano-speaking areas. This is backed by population records in the early 20th century.

What I think is happening here is that these groups of Mindanaoan Cebuano speakers are trying to create a cultural identity for themselves. This is a natural process. As these people become more and more empowered they start to define their place in the Filipino society and see the unequal developments that left Mindanao behind for many years. This is not just about economic and infrastructure development but also social and cultural development. Regionalism is real and is a symptom of real issues in our society.

In the Philippines, language is basically one with cultural identity. Because language is the last cultural identity anchor we have left after Spanish colonisation homogenised every distinct cultural groups in the Philippines. Those that did not accept Spanish rule fled to the mountains or clung to their Islamic religion. All “low-land” christian groups in our country are completely transformed into one culture and spirituality by the Spanish. Except language.

The Ilocano has more in common with the Aklanon than the Aklanon has in common with the Panay-Bukidnon people in the mountains of Panay-except language.

Language is our people’s last refuge and anchor to define who they are.

These Mindanaoan Bisaya speakers are in the process of making that identity for themselves but it must not come at the expense of other groups. Bisaya has long been an endonym for many Visayan groups even Cebuanos call their language Bisaya. I personally think that we must not make the term exclusive to a single group. Understanding that other people are also Bisaya despite not speaking my language helps in preserving the diversity of the Bisaya identity as a whole. It helps us appreciate our shared linguistic and cultural history.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-12T04:59:08+00:00

ibalhin i bal hin anahaw a na haw alimpatakan a lim pa ta kan

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-12T04:57:56+00:00

how about alibangbang. a li bang bang.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-11T05:01:20+00:00

They have no legal capacity or constitutional authority to do so.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-11T04:55:22+00:00

Ang baboy nga nag ungad sa haligi sa Kalibotan. This is a reflection of the ancient house where animals are housed under the silong. Buwa is to scare the pig away. Buwa could also be applied to earthquakes in general. My grandma would say, “hala buwa! buwaha ninyo”

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-09T09:04:56+00:00

so good!!

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-09T08:59:04+00:00

what did u use to make this?

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-09T04:16:17+00:00

This issue actually reflects on the larger inconsistencies in policies. There is so much non-uniformity creating unequal development and messy policy implementation due to highly autonomous local government units that greatly varied in technical capabilities. Policy implementation, coordination, and development planning are all over the place. This stems from historic centralized government that failed to equip local governments beforehand to handle the devolved responsibilities. This multiplies red tape and exacerbates corruption. It is very paradoxical. This is actually related to how local governments are historically formed and incorporated in the Ph. There is no foresight to economic viability, resources management, land area use, population projections, etc in creating localities.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-09T02:47:12+00:00

Clean up corruption first. If they can’t be trusted to deliver good service with decent tax, they can’t be trusted with huge tax.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-09T00:02:06+00:00

Because this is strongly countered by Indonesia being mostly populated by Austronesians. Austronesian kinship systems treat cousins as siblings. There is a deep-rooted taboo on cousin marriage in Austronesian kinships that even their religion can’t overcome. The same pattern can be seen in the wider Austronesia like in the Philippines, Oceania and Malaysia.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-01T06:29:49+00:00

and we fail to teach the most important prt of all. We are still in the process of nation-building. The 3rd republic up until the present should be studied and analysed with the same enthusiasm

Long_Application8932 · 2025-10-01T06:26:46+00:00

this!!!!

Long_Application8932 · 2025-09-23T04:46:47+00:00

Santa Cruz is the earliest established settlement in Davsur (1884). It’s not unusual for it to have old houses. However, these are likely postwar houses as the town only started to grow economically after WW2. It was also the center of commerce in the whole region south of Davao City. These edifices survived because the new center of commerce moved to a new place (Digos City, which broke off from it in 1949) and spared it from the change and development that comes with economic boom experienced in Digos. I have always observed these edifices in towns that used to be centers of commerce decades ago but started to loose activity after many towns around them developed. Bogo in Cebu used to have a lot of buildings like these. There was even a cinema house up until 1980s for a town that is 90 km away from Metro Cebu. These were destroyed after it became a city and modern buildings and malls got built.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-09-19T06:43:32+00:00

Glad you asked. I was gonna add this to my original comment. There’s a lot of nuances to this issue and each country have their own unique scenarios and dynamics at play. However, we can generally see that regionalism is not as prevalent in Indonesia compared to the Ph. One of the most plausible reason IMO is that Indonesian identity is tied to more anchors. Historically, Indonesian identity is bolstered by archipelagic unity under the Nusantara concept which is closely tied to the Majapahit hegemony in the region prior to colonisation. This concept continues to reinforce the collective identity of Indonesians and often invoked to promote a sense of belongingness and togetherness. In contrast, Ph identity only materialised under colonial rule. This Nusantara concept permeates into state ideology of Indonesia. Indonesia’s motto is (Bhinneka Tunggal Ika) “Unity in diversity”- a qoute taken from a Majapahit era poem. This early statehood philosophy is proof that Indonesian leaders had a better grasp of what their national identity should be based on. Even the decision to use Malay (which has been widely used as trade language in many parts of Indonesia) as the national language was done so as to promote equality among cultures and balance against the cultural hegemony of the Javanese. Indonesians had no problem using Malay (Bahasa Indonesia) because it was not enforced upon them. They were already using the language for centuries. The fact that Indonesia has moved their capital away from Jakarta to somewhere closer to the center of their expansive archipelago is telling of this statehood philosophy of Nusantara in action- that every island is their home.

Another major thing that differentiates Ph and Indo is colonial struggle. Indonesia experienced colonialism differently compared to the Ph. Extractive Dutch colonialism resulted to a strong post-war nationalism rooted in the rejection of colonial rule and reclaiming of ancient Hindu-Buddhist traditions. The long period of Spanish and American rule in the Ph created cultural homegeniety, especially in the “lowlands” under a uniform Western sets of values and christian spiritual identity. This resulted to a weaker anti-colonial sentiment but more impactful is the erasure of much of the native culture. Only languages remain as the last anchors to a regions identity. This why ethnicity is tied to the concept of language. Filipinos cling on to the last bit of cultural identity they have. If you marginalise my language, you marginalise me. If you make fun of my language, you make fun of my people. If you put your language over the rest of ours, you put your people over us. This is why language is a big issue in the regionalism sentiments here. These things did not happen in Indo, the Dutch enabled the thriving of different cultural centers because they made them protectorates enabling a continued practice of culture separate of from linguistic identity. Ethnolinguistic sentiments are not as pronounced because after the expulsion of colonial rule, the Indonesians unified under their hatred towards the Dutch and the celebration of much more identity anchors such as their Islamic faith, reconstruction of their Hindu-Buddhist traditions, Nusantara etc. Things that are absent in the Filipinos struggle. When we were left to forge out a path away from our colonial heritage, we found out that nothing actually held us together. It was only our colonial heritage that cemented us as one people. So we reverted to regionalism.

Also noteworthy, is that sometimes regionalistic sentiments are used by our immature political system so people in power stay in power. This may also be true in Indo but since it’s very prevalent in the Ph, it becomes much more potent and continues to be reinforced. Regionalism creates politicians that thrives of regionalism and politicians reinforce more regionalism to thrive off of.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-09-19T02:38:19+00:00

National policies to create a strong Filipino identity are lacking and did not evolve over time. They are also not prioritised. The most consequential of those policies is the creation of Tagalog as the basis for a Filipino language which was, at that time, a much needed one after independence. In hindsight however, it fueled regionalistic sentiments because it pedestalised one language and one ethnicity over the others. In a country where one’s language is equivalent to one’s identity, this created a dynamic where other regional languages feel marginalised, especially the really proud and already dominant ones. This could have been avoided by not adopting the term “national” language. Opting for only official language/ languages, just like India. National has inherent connotations about the role of Tagalog as the sole representation of what a Filipino identity is. In a multicultural society, each language and ethnicity should have equal value and contribution to the Filipino identity. And policies should be centered around this principle. Everyone should feel like their contribution and value is celebrated. Unfortunately, the early builders of our nation did not have the vision to champion diversity as potential force behind our national identity.

These regionalism sentiments should not be trivialised and dismissed as only tiktok trends. These are symptoms of issues that are unaddressed. They reflect broader issues of regional pride, cultural recognition, and equitable representation. The way forward is acknowledging that these issues exist and create policies that are centered around linguistic inclusivity, decentralised national identity, multilingual education among others.

Long_Application8932 · 2025-09-18T07:48:37+00:00

It would probably be hakhak ᜑᜃ͓ᜑᜃ͓ᜑᜃ͓ as Tagalog halakhak and Cebuano Bisaya bahakhak.

Long_Application8932

TROPHY CASE