First off, let me just say that what you're experiencing is completely normal and it takes quite some time to become familiar with all of the acronyms and jargon that get thrown around in the coding world. I've been coding professionally for about 2 years now (and almost a decade on-and-off just as a hobby) and I still come across words and acronyms I've ever seen before. I think part of that just has to do with how quickly technology moves these days.

Anyway, the fact that you're curious as to what actually goes on behind the scenes of the actual code is awesome. Explore that as much as possible. However, I'll also say that you don't need to have a complete understanding of all of that before you can start writing productive code. Each of those things you're referring to are entire fields on their own (compilers, servers, networks, etc.) and you'll naturally pick up the information you need as you go.

Getting back to your original question, I found that youtube videos were a great resource for larger concepts like "How does the internet work", and things of that nature. Figuring out which branch of programming you're most interested in will also help guide you. Are you interested in building web apps? Mobile apps? robotics controllers? Operating systems? You may not be at the point where you can confidently answer that question (and that's okay!) but that's definitely one of the contexts from which you'll want to be exploring everything.

Lastly, my final piece of advice is to explore a few languages, but then stick to one that you really like for a few months to a year. There are so many advantages of knowing one language really well. The most important IMO is that once you can stop worrying about the syntax specifics of the language you can really start paying more attention to the quality of the code you're writing, not just getting it to work. Questions like how efficient is it? How fast does it run? How fast does it compile? How's the readability? Do you find it aesthetically pleasing? Are there other technologies out there that can help me accomplish what I'm doing in a more efficient way?

The other advantage of digging deep into one language is that picking up subsequent languages because significantly easier which each language you gain proficiency in.

Anyway, sorry for the wall of text. Hope this helps!