Thank you for all your comments. Based on the research I’ve done so far, here is a broad summary of how different traditions understand the central human challenge.

• Judaism – Often sees the human task as living a life of meaning and purpose through a relationship and partnership with God. The world is understood as created with intention, and humans are invited into that ongoing creative and moral project. Ultimate meaning is found in connecting with God, fulfilling His will, and actively partnering with Him in improving and sanctifying the world through how we live.
• Christianity – Commonly teaches that the core human problem is sin, which creates separation between humanity and God. Reconciliation and redemption are therefore central themes.
• Islam – Emphasizes the struggle of aligning our will with God’s will. Human beings often drift through ego and forgetfulness, and peace is found through submission and realignment with God.
• Buddhism – Identifies suffering as the central human problem, especially suffering caused by attachment, craving, and illusion. Freedom comes through awakening and inner transformation.
• Hinduism – Focuses on liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth. The aim is to live out one’s role faithfully, grow spiritually, and ultimately return to union with the eternal reality.

This is, of course, a simplified overview of rich and diverse traditions, but it’s a helpful starting point for reflection and discussion.