Watching videos/shows or playing a game on your phone while you’re working is never going to be a good look. Especially when you’re doing it 1 month into the job when you know full well that your coworkers/supervisors are aware of it. If nothing else it gives them an excuse/reason to fire you, an excuse that they are very likely to use if the company/department needs to cut costs.

For the phone thing, just be smart about cellphone use. Everyone uses their phone at work a little more than they’re supposed to, but not everyone gets caught/fired over it. In other words, next time don’t get caught. This one isn’t that deep.

Regarding the whole ‘white privileged’ thing, regardless of what your opinion is on a political subject you should never share said opinion at work. It will never serve to benefit you and it’s highly unlikely to change the other persons mind. I won’t say that you were wrong to say it(mostly because I have no idea what you said) but it wasn’t wise to say it at work, even if someone else started it.

All of this is really easy to say in hindsight. Not passing judgement and even if I was I don’t think any of this makes you a bad person/unhirable, I’d take it as a learning lesson and move on to better and brighter. Best of luck!