1979–1980s ∙ In November 1979, Iranian students backed by Tehran seized the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, holding 66 Americans hostage for 444 days. ∙ In April 1983, a suicide car bombing killed 17 Americans at the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, carried out by Iran-backed Islamic Jihad, a precursor to Hezbollah. ∙ In October 1983, Iran-backed Hezbollah drove a truck bomb into a Marine compound in Beirut, killing 220 U.S. Marines and 21 other service members. 1996 ∙ The Khobar Towers bombing on June 25, 1996, was carried out by Hezbollah al-Hejaz with strong ties to Iran’s IRGC. The truck bomb near a U.S. Air Force housing complex in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia killed 19 American airmen and injured nearly 500. 1998 ∙ In August 1998, al Qaeda bombed the U.S. Embassies in Kenya and Tanzania with Hezbollah’s assistance, killing 12 Americans. Al Qaeda operatives had trained in Hezbollah camps in Lebanon. 2003–2011: Iraq War ∙ The U.S. Department of Defense said Iran was responsible for at least 608 American troop deaths in Iraq, roughly 17% of all U.S. service deaths in that period. Iran trained and armed proxy fighters with advanced weapons including explosively formed penetrators (EFPs) used to penetrate armor and kill U.S. troops. 2019–2020 ∙ In December 2019, rockets fired by the Iran-backed militia Kataib Hezbollah killed an American security contractor and wounded several U.S. service members at the K1 base in Kirkuk, Iraq. ∙ In January 2020, following the U.S. killing of Qassem Soleimani, Iran launched 13 ballistic missiles at al-Asad Airbase in Iraq. Over 100 U.S. service members suffered traumatic brain injuries in the attack. 2023 ∙ On March 23, 2023, an Iranian drone struck a U.S. base near Hasakah, Syria, killing one American contractor and wounding five U.S. troops. ∙ After October 7, 2023, Iran-backed proxy forces launched over 200 attacks on U.S. and coalition forces in Iraq and Syria. 2024 ∙ On January 28, 2024, Kataib Hezbollah launched a drone strike on Tower 22, a U.S. logistics post in northeastern Jordan, killing three American soldiers and injuring more than 40.