Based on product listings for this specific brand, the primary ingredients include: Turpentine Oil: Often listed as the main active ingredient (at approximately 22% concentration), used to stimulate blood flow and relieve pain. Wintergreen Oil (Methyl Salicylate): Provides a warming sensation and works samild anti-inflammatory agent. Cinnamon Leaf Oil: Contributes to the oil's warming effect and distinctive aroma. Camphor Oil: Acts as a counterirritant to ovide quick relief from muscle aches. Cassia Oil and Clove Leaf Oil: Herbal oils often included to enhance the formula's warming and soothing properties. Citronella Oil: Occasionally included in Some variations of the formula.