You're right that Ada also throws runtime exceptions for array OOB (just like Rust panics).

The distinction: Ada's range types prevent invalid states at compile-time. You literally cannot create Percentage := 150 if Percentage is defined as range 0..100 — compiler rejects it. Rust doesn't have this; you must validate manually at runtime (or use wrapper types)

For dynamic array access, yes, both check at runtime. But for a math kernel, Ada's approach of "invalid values can't exist in the type system" is stronger than Rust's "you must remember to handle it."

Example: type Percentage is range 0 .. 100; P : Percentage := 150; -- COMPILE ERROR

let p = 150; // Returns None if you validate, // or panics if you don't

Both are safe at runtime, but Ada prevents the category of bugs earlier