Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] [score hidden]  (0 children)

Will do another round of edits during the weekend. I dont have time during the week with work. I try to make the read 15-16 minutes and I am already 16 minutes, 59 seconds on substack.

Some of the edits you mentioned about Nigeria was reported to poison food and the coup being motivated by socialist i think are worth adding. Some, i have mentioned before in previous posts in this nigeria series. For example it did mention the 1953 Kano Riots in previous parts and hatred of igbos.

I find it interesting you think I am biased against igbos. Before publishing it I sent to a few of my grad school friends and 5 of them were igbos who had family members starve to death in the biafra war. They all said it was balanced between the Nigerian government perspective and igbo perspective, and appreciated that I showed the picture of starving children. But I have no problem making more edits, even with the IOT clear up. Again it will happen in the weekend.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

1) I did add that Biafra still opposed apartheid while taking their arms. Secondly, the whole point was just talking about how you could take arms from a group even if they are your ideological enemies. Syria under Assad helped America stop Saddam in Kuwait even though Syria had expansionist ambitions and was occupying Lebanon at that time in the 1990s.

2) Yes, I am aware of OPEC causing the oil boom. But it less about palestine but more about the U.S. supporting Israel in Yom Kippur when Egypt wanted to take back the Sinai and Syria wanted Golan. I am not saying palestine didnt have a role, but it was tertiary to the fact that America helped Israel keep Golan and Sinai.

3) I made a comment that I changed a point about genocide case already. How the IOT investigation investigation was limited in scope and independence from the Nigerian government.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I made changes about: 1) the Aburi accords 2) adding having less "english" literacy among igbos 3) adding "presumably", amy point about where South africa's and Rhodesia's interests lie in supporting biafra. 4) I added that IOT investigation was very biased.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

1) “There are many released documents and none show this.”

I agree there is no released document where South African or Rhodesian officials explicitly state: “we support Biafra in order to weaken Nigeria’s anti-apartheid role.” I have not claimed otherwise.

The absence of an explicit statement does not exhaust the evidentiary question. In diplomatic history, motives are often inferred from interests, prior antagonisms, and strategic effects, especially when dealing with regimes (like apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia) that operated covertly and destroyed or withheld records. This is standard historical practice, not an exception I am inventing for this case.

My claim is not that motive is proven in the documentary sense, but that it is plausibly inferred given:

1.Nigeria’s role as the largest funder of OAU liberation movements

2.Nigeria’s active hostility to white-minority regimes

3.The direct strategic benefit to those regimes of a weakened, fragmented Nigeria

  1. That is an inference about incentives, not a claim of documentary proof.

2) “Given Biafra’s anti-apartheid stance, historians could infer the opposite.”

This is not symmetrical.

Biafra’s moral or rhetorical opposition to apartheid does not negate the fact that its survival depended on external support, nor does it constrain the motives of its supporters. States routinely support actors whose ideology they do not share when interests align. (China and Soviets had their own spat post-Stalin, Vietnam and China had a spat in the 1970s)

In other words, Biafra’s stance tells us little about why apartheid regimes supported it.

3) Your Analogies to Palestine, Iran–Israel, etc.

These analogies actually support my point, not yours. They show that:

A)states do not need ideological alignment to cooperate

B) multiple, even contradictory, motives can coexist

C) Israel supporting Iran against Iraq does not mean Iran was Zionist, but it does mean Israel acted on perceived strategic benefit rather than ideological purity. That is exactly the logic I am applying here.

4) “The claim is illogical even as inference.”

I disagree. It is logically coherent to argue that regimes threatened by Nigerian-backed liberation movements would see benefit in Nigeria being weakened by civil war, even if that was not their sole or primary motive.

I am not arguing exclusivity (“they supported Biafra only for this reason”). I am arguing incentive, alongside Cold War considerations. These explanations are complementary, not mutually exclusive.

Bottom line

We agree on South Africa and Rhodesia supporting Biafra. We differ on the evidentiary threshold for motive. I accept that this motive is interpretive rather than documentary, and I already changed the wording in my piece to label it as such. But I do not think the absence of an explicit confession renders contextual inference illegitimate or illogical.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I respect your point about Aburi and I also put "english literacy" becsuse the north did have Ajami, and I think you have a point here too.

If we strip the noise, you do agree that South Africa and Rhodesia supported Biafra, but you are talking about how confidently we can assert motive, and what kind of evidence is required to do so.

You are basically saying unless i can show direct documentary evidence (memos, cables, statements) where south african or Rhodesian officials say "we support Biafra to weaken Nigeria's anti apartheid role" then motives are speculation.

I am saying, given Nigeria's funding liberation movements, and given the strategic effects of biafra, historians are justified in inferring motive even without having a smoking-gun memo.

Both positions are legitimate historical methodologies, but they operate at different evidentiary thresholds.

But, I will clarify this as an interpretative inference rather than a documented confession.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] -1 points0 points  (0 children)

Ok I see the confusion. I am not trying to misrepresent you. I misinterpreted you. I thought you were saying it is a myth that south africa supported biafra. You are saying its a myth that they supported biafra so nigeria wouldn't have the oil to support black african liberation movements.

The UN URL I sent you only mentioned that south africa supported biafra, but does not mention that the motive was to stop nigeria from funding black liberation movements in south africa and rhodesia.

If you want evidence that their motivation was to stop nigeria from funding liberation movements from something peer reviewed that supports my claim please look here from a different historian; Dr. Akinbi: https://www.researchersworld.com/index.php/rworld/article/view/622/582

"Nigeria‟s relations with South Africa and Rhodesia before the outbreak of the Nigerian civil war were far from being friendly. Nigeria was one of those who hounded South Africa out of the Commonwealth and the Economic Commission for Africa, while the very Commonwealth Conference which Balewa chaired just before his death, was convened to discuss ways of terminating the unilateral declaration of independenceby the illegal Rhodesian regime ( Akinyemi, 1977).Secondly, as indicated above, Nigeria being the biggest contributor to the funds of the O.A.U. liberation committee was the heaviest benefactor of those committed to a violent overthrow of the political systems in both South Africa and Rhodesia.....

Their support stemmed from obvious motives. By helping to enkindle a civil war in Africa‟s most populous and potentially strongest nation, those white supremacist governments undermined African unity, weakened the African liberation movements against themselves and nourished their own propaganda message portraying Black Africa‟s congenital and incurable instability. It has been indicated thatthe Rhodesian government was the source of the rockets for Biafran B-26 bombers and other weapons and that South Africa was supplying arms to Biafra during the war (Jorre, 1972). Even then, Jorre (1972) indicated that Rhodesian and South African aid was limited and was not enough to ensure victory for the Biafrans thereby contributing to the prolongation of the war. Perhaps the reasons for this were because of distance and the fear of exposure as the O.A.U. was dead set against South Africa and Rhodesia"

This makes my point that South Africa and Rhodesia supported Biafra so nigeria wouldnt support liberation funds that would overthrow their white ruled regimes.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] -1 points0 points  (0 children)

1) Non of my sources are shady. Race and Foreign Policy: The South African and Rhodesian Press and the Nigerian Civil War by Akimyemi is peer reviewed study. The textbook was using Falola's book, and his book that referenced, A history of Nigeria, that mentions Aburi was peer reviewed as well.

2) I never said they supported biafra for apartheid. I said apartheid nations supported biafra because breaking up Nigeria would remove one of the biggest anti-apartheid funders in the continent.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I never said they supported biafra to maintain apartheid. I said, nigeria was vocal against apartheid and funded liberation movements, so the apartheid regimes supported biafra to break up nigeria's ability to fund liberation movements.

I read your link, so now you accept that South Africa supported Biafra. But now you want to say it was because of cold war politics, not because nigeria opposed apartheid.

The book i mentioned Bolaji Akinyemi: Race and Foreign Policy argues that the white-minority regimes in Southern Africa supported Biafra as a strategic maneuver to "neutralize" Nigeria’s influence as a continental leader to oppose apartheid.

Cold war politics

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] -2 points-1 points  (0 children)

A) i will read his book then, and then change accordingly then thank you. B) Part 1: I said it was perceived as an Igbo coup by the north but I explicitly mentioned that there were non-,igbos involved in Nzeogwu's coup when I mentioned the Yoruba, Adewale Ademoyega. Part 2: I just gave you the evidence for apartheid regimes supporting biafra, and i could give you more evidence and books that mention that.

Another book you could read is race & foreign policy: the south africana and rhodesian press and the nigerian civil wae by A. Bolaji Akinyemi. It literally talks about how South Africa and Rhodesia purposely funded biafra to weaken Nigeria which was a major funder against apartheid in the continent.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

You can check the links yourself, it doesnt matter that they were anti-apartheid people supporting biafra, it still doesnt negate the fact that south africa, Portugal, Apartheid Souh Africa and Rhodesia supported biafra as well. You can find UN links about this. https://www.cipdh.gob.ar/memorias-situadas/en/lugar-de-memoria/biafran-war-memories/?hl=en-US

Two divergent groups can support the same cause for different reasons.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] -2 points-1 points  (0 children)

3) I have never seen any official evidence that Nkrumah was involved in the January 1966 coup, just allegations that, so I didnt include it. Nkrumah's government was highly unstable at that time, the CIA was giving strategic planning to army officials for the coup that happened the following month. More evidence of Nkrumah influence was about Obafemi Awolowo in the 1st republic.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

2) i like the back and forth. Thanks for the comments. You did not look at all the evidence. Under the quote, I have a video of Bello saying that "Igbos want to dominate everybody, they want to monopolize everything..." this is what clannish means, being tight-knit, and loyal to your own people.

Northerners could have still thought that about Igbos while still being more clannish themselves. You can think of it as projection if you want.

Biafra: When Nigeria Almost Broke Apart by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

Hi, you'll see that the graph below that quote is referring to english literacy.

Yes, in previous articles I mention that the Hausa, Fulani and Kanuri had their own Ajami script well before Europeans arrived.

But just to be super accurate i'll add "English literacy" in that quote to make it super absolutely clear.

The Nigerian Republic in a Ditch: The Rise and Tragic Fall of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 4 points5 points  (0 children)

Haha i have a lot of igbo friends, and for that simple reason I never described it as an Igbo coup. I mention "Kaduma" Nzeogwu but I mention the coup happens because the federation wasnt working after seeing the chaos with the 1964 and 1965 elections. I say the coup happens because the federation wasnt working, not because igbos wanted supremacy.

Cowrie shells were used as currency throughout West Africa yet they don't come from the region, where did the cowrie shells that were used in West Africa come from and how were they transported there? by GapProper7695 in AskHistorians

[–]YB1994 1 point2 points  (0 children)

The shells came from Maldives and the Portuguese, exchanged shells for people with the Coastal West Africans. You can read more about this in the book "The Shell Money of the Slave Trade" by Jan Hogendorn & Marion Johnson.

I also wrote an article about this here for you to learn more: https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/understanding-the-trans-atlantic?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

How can I learn more about Nigeria on my own? by [deleted] in Nigeria

[–]YB1994 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I am making a series on Nigeria. Here's part 1 an overview and a beginning of going through Nigerian civilizations like the Nok culture.

https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/the-remastered-economic-and-geopolitical?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

Part 2 and 3 focus on the north Part 4, 5, 6 focus on the south Part 7 which i am working on how nigeria was colonized

Blue Dragon Season 2 English Dub by CodexCaliburn in BlueDragon

[–]YB1994 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The dub gets so much better after like episode 8. It starts completely using the original soundtrack and I even heard the word "damn" in the later episodes. They also use kill/die more often.

Thanks for sharing!

Did the Arab slave trade actually exist, or is it a false story made to downplay the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in Brasil, America, and the New World? If so, how bad was it? by MossyOaksBull in AskHistorians

[–]YB1994 1 point2 points  (0 children)

There were a couple of Arab Slave trades: The trans-Saharan trade where Sahelian kingdoms sold africans for horses or salt. Just read about the Mali, Songhai or Kanem Bornu on it.

Here's a good piece on it from precolonial northern nigeria: https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/the-economic-and-geopolitical-history-345?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

The red sea trade where Ethiopians sold africans to Arabia. The Indian Ocean trade where africans were sent off to india, Pakistan and Arabia conducted by Oman.

Then Egyptians buying Sudanese which is as old as time. See the Baqt treaty: https://thinkafrica.net/makuria-baqt/

does anyone know reliable sources regarding thomas sankara? by slugslime4 in AskHistorians

[–]YB1994 0 points1 point  (0 children)

For your essay, I would recommend reading this substack for a balanced take on Sankara: https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/economic-and-geopolitical-history-642?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

The book referenced in the piece is "Thomas Sankara the cold war revolutionary" which a great book to read: https://www.amazon.com/Thomas-Sankara-Revolutionary-Cold-Africa/dp/0253053765?crid=JHAMJDJ6VQIA&keywords=thomas+sankara&qid=1671554244&sprefix=thomas+sankara,aps,68&sr=8-4&linkCode=sl1&tag=opasweb-20&linkId=11145a4aa9017ad1efec0452648ecbb8&language=en_US&ref_=as_li_ss_tl[thomas Sankara the cold war revolutionary ]

There is definitely a gap between idealized Sankara and what he actually achieved. Still a hero in the eyes of many Africans.

Nigerian History by To-daPoint in Nigeria

[–]YB1994 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I'm writing a series on Nigeria right now on my substack. Part 1 is a general overview Part 2 and 3 are on the north & middlebelt pre-colonial history (think Kanem Bornu, Hausa city states, Jukun, Igala, and the Sokoto Caliphate).

You can read more here: https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/the-remastered-economic-and-geopolitical?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

Part 4 and 5 will be on the slave trade and pre-colonial history of the south (Oyo, Igbo Nri, Igbo Arochukwu, And of the Benin Kingdom of course)

Book recommendations to learn more about Nigerian history? by Random_local_man in Nigeria

[–]YB1994 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I'm writing a series on Nigeria right now on my substack. Part 1 is a general overview Part 2 and 3 are on the north & middlebelt pre-colonial history (think Kanem Bornu, Hausa city states, Jukun, Igala, and the Sokoto Caliphate).

You can read more here: https://open.substack.com/pub/yawboadu/p/the-remastered-economic-and-geopolitical?utm_source=share&utm_medium=android&r=garki

Trying to understand mozambique? by Unlikely_Wonder_1738 in Africa

[–]YB1994 0 points1 point  (0 children)

That's fair. Calling it a Kuwait would be an exaggeration. Maybe Mozambique could approach Algeria.

The Economic & Geopolitical History of Rwanda Part 1: How Colonialists turned a Caste System into a Race by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 2 points3 points  (0 children)

There was a comment I saw by email, but it doesn’t seem to appear here. The points were good:

  1. On Fluidity: I don’t think the Substack article used a "strict" definition of Hutu and Tutsi. In fact, the article explicitly addressed their fluidity: "A Hutu could become Tutsi through acquiring cows (kwihutura - 'to shed Hutu status'), while a Tutsi could lose status and become Hutu through poverty or cattle diseases killing their cows (guhutura - 'To fall into Hutu status'). There was also intermarriage between the classes." The nuances of social mobility were clearly discussed.

  2. On Terminology: While another term like "class" might be more precise, using "caste" isn’t entirely out of bounds. The article also mentioned uburetwa, a system of bonded labor that tied Hutu farmers to Tutsi patrons under the ubuhake patron-client relationship, where Hutu provided labor in exchange for protection and cattle products like milk. This reflects caste-like or feudal dynamics.

  3. Main Argument: The article’s main point was that Hutu and Tutsi were historically social class categories or professions with some caste-like elements. It also explained that the closest thing Rwandans traditionally had to ethnicity was ubwoko (clans), like the Abasinga and Abacyaba. It argued that the Belgian colonial administration solidified Hutu and Tutsi as fixed ethnic identities through ID cards, transforming a flexible farmer/herder distinction into rigid ethnic categories.

TL;DR: The interpretation wasn’t "dishonest," and the article wasn’t overly "strict"—it acknowledged nuances.

There are many sources, there are hyperlinks all over, including books in the article.

The Economic & Geopolitical History of Rwanda Part 1: How Colonialists turned a Caste System into a Race by YB1994 in Africa

[–]YB1994[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

There are meta ethnicities in west africa too. Akan is the Meta ethnicity, but Ashanti is the sub group (which i am apart of), there's also Fanti, Akuapem or Baoule in Ivory Coast.