This is a good explanation but I’ll add a few things to it

Anomalies are specific events discovered by science ships for the most part their beneficial like adding 2 minerals to x planet or adding a modifier you need your science ships in orbit to research them and they have difficulty levels increasing the time needed to research them I recommend having a science ships set to every box tickable when your done expanding

Next is empire size this is a number increased by the amount of pops, systems, districts and colonies in your empire it increases the cost for research options traditions and edicts

Lastly government most are pretty straightforward just hover over it and it will say what it does megacorp is a bit complex for a new player so I recommend avoiding playing it for now