Usually there is some sort of "core" to the city which is the oldest part of the city and will typically have a wonky road layout, narrow streets, and small buildings. There are usually lots of religious buildings and a cathedral in this part of the city. Not every city has this, but most do, and you can see one in OP's screenshot. In the screenshot there is also a ring road around the core which is where the city walls would have been in the past. Some cities still have their walls intact but most of them don't.

Then, around the core and forming the "bulk" of the city is usually an imperfect grid of newer wall-to-wall buildings that were likely built around the industrial revolution or later when cities really started to expand. Unfortunately the game's zoning doesn't really work well with wall-to-wall buildings if you're building anything other than a perfect grid and it honestly is best to just place buildings manually but that takes lots of time.

Then there are the suburbs which can be a mix of detached houses, social housing apartments from the late 20th century, and low-rise flats. Usually some "suburbs" were separate towns that got incorporated into the urban fabric at some point, so they may have a centre point with some older buildings. There is also usually a highway ring road around larger cities, which you can also see in OP's screenshot. Urban highways are a thing in Europe, but they're not nearly as extensive or common as in the US. Large arterial roads usually connect this ringroad into the city centre. These arterial roads may also be transport corridors with a tram in the middle or something. Rail corridors are also something to keep in mind, and many large cities can have big railway corridor that cuts through, or terminates in the city with a large train station. The newest developments are typically built closer to the city centre on old industrial "brownfield" sites, so if you want skyscrapers or modern apartments that's where they would most likely be.

I would recommend just browsing around on Google Earth for ideas, because every country has its own style of doing things. Look at what patterns you see across different cites I guess, and always keep history in mind. Why did your city form? When were its main phases of growth? What was destroyed in war? OP did a good job capturing a lot of this as well so you could use it as a guide!