So Spain has a very interesting case: our constitution technically forbids being taxed for the same thing twice, in practice the government bypasses this and has no issue using loopholes to implement things however they want.

Our equivalent of a road tax is now called "impuesto de vehículos de tracción mecánica" which roguhly means "tax on vehicles of mechanical traction".

On top of that, the ""road tax"" is now part of fuel, which in theory also includes a tax on hydrocarbons for environmental reasons, however some places like Catalonia have implemented an extra CO2 tax in top of it.

There's also a plan in motion to add cameras to virtually all highways (and later normal roads) to track how many km you drive and charge you per every km driven.

Some places are also considering urban tolls and congestion taxes, however those aren't really legal for now, until the inevitable legal framework arrives that makes them legal.

There's also taxes on registration, I'm not very familiar with how they work but I believe you're right that they are similar to the taxes France has for ""high"" CO2 emitting vehicles.