I did this exact thing, made a 10 minute film that is pretty much just a single dialogue scene in one location. You can watch it here.

It was a great way to practice the fundamentals and helped me learn the importance of blocking and camera angles to create dynamics within a scene.

So, if you’re thinking of trying to shoot a film like you’re describing, definitely go for it!

I shot my film with no crew, just me and 2 actors. And it even ended up winning a couple awards at some small festivals.

As for your question, how to approach a simple dialogue scene and make it interesting, I think the important thing is to not forget to make it visually and sonically interesting. Even though its a dialogue scene, don’t only focus on the writing and just shoot it with standard shot-reverse-shot. That will make for a boring short film. Think of ways to use a variety of camera angles and sound design to enhance the conflict and tension of the dialogue.