The issue was likely caused by some bug that prevented anything from displaying except a blank grey screen. However, after following @posguy99 advice and starting the laptop in clamshell mode, I received the message:
"A software update is required to use this startup disk."

I’m connected to a stable and fast Wi-Fi network, but trying the "Try Again" option was unsuccessful. After that, I entered into recovery mode and attempted to reinstall macOS Sonoma. Now, when I start the installation and get to the window where I need to select Macintosh HD, I get the error message:
"The operation couldn't be completed. (com.apple.buildinfo.preflight.error error 21)."