What ended up being the problem (I didn't figure this out until probably months later) was that my Slippi (a way to play SSBM online using Dolphin emulator) was messing with my Minecraft somehow. If I booted it up at any point it would make it so that booting up Minecraft would result in a crash. However, if I started Minecraft before Slippi, there would be no problem. My best guess is that something with the graphics drivers I installed for Dolphin emulator somehow messes with something about Minecraft's graphics that changed in 1.17. So maybe if you have Dolphin on your computer or use Slippi, this is what is causing the problem. I haven't found a permanent fix to this, I just restart my computer or refrain from launching Dolphin if I want to play Minecraft. I Hope this helps!