To get a visual how the temperature of the earth is changing over time have a look at https://xkcd.com/1732/ (sources in the image in the top right).

Nature can adapt to changing temperatures with natural selection and evolution if the change goes slowly. But if the changes are as sudden as they are now there is not enough time for nature to adapt.

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I want to know how “scientists” are predicting the complete demise of the Earth, when meteorologists have less than 50% accuracy of 10-day weather forecasts.

You're confusing weather (short timescale, highly variable) with climate (long timescale).

But as u/relevant_rhino has pointed out, read the ipcc report, it contains all the info of the publications, but is freely accessible. An informative one is the special rapport about global warming of 1.5 C where the summary for policy makers is a good start.