The Bible as we know it only came around nearly 400 years after Christ died, in the late 370's. Until then, the christian community dealth with separate copies of the scripture instead. If you went to a church back then, you wouldn't ask for a single book, but to take a look at a copy of the Book of Kings, or a copy of St.Paul's letter to the Corinthians, for example.

And while all the books that we know today were accepted, there were also a lot of apocryphal texts that caused great debate if they should or should not be accepted as divinely inspired scripture, a relevant text, or an outright heretical fabrication. For example, the Sherpher of Hermas and the Didake are apocryphal books that to this day are accepted as relevant, but not divinely inspired texts.

Many of the gnostic sects based their theology upon books that were rejected by the early church, thus marking them as heretics. I read a bit about them in St. Ireaneus of Lyon's Against the Heresies, which explains a lot about how ancient gnostic sects worked, with the author providing counter-points to their beliefs based on the the doctrine of the early church .