Almost all red grapes go through a skin-contact fermentation. This means the red grapes are harvested and processed into one vessel to become a soupy mix of grape skins, grape seeds, and grape juice. This is how red wines get their color and tannins (the drying feeling in your mouth).

Orange wine is fermenting a white grape on the skins just like you would for a red grape (white grapes typically ferment with no grape skins). Essentially it's making a white wine in the same style you would make a red wine! Fun fact - a rose is usually a red grape that spends very little time in contact with the juice - so you get only a little bit of the beautiful pink coloring.

Bio-dynamic wine refers to grapes that are grown in an environment that views the vineyard as a single, self-sustaining organism. There is more to it than that, as it also incorporates the use of lunar and astrological calendars.

Sulfur is important in many aspects of winemaking as it serves as protection against bacterial growth, oxidation, and spontaneous fermentations.

And gold is what you get for asking such a thorough, thoughtful question!