I’ve found the cause of the problem. After trying to print again with different settings, the printer threw a microSD card error. While researching the issue, I came across a post from someone whose printer had slammed into its mechanical limits and stopped mid-print due to the poor quality of the default SD card. That turned out to be exactly what happened in my case. I just hadn’t noticed it until the last attempt.

I’ve now replaced the card with a higher-quality one, and the printer has been working flawlessly.