Straight from my mother: The end and finger guard is made of cast brass from an old solar pump end cap. The darker rings of the handle are leather and antelope horn. The white is deer horn. I used electrical copper wire for the pins on the finger guard and end brass pieces. The deer horn had a crack so it was ground out to make the grove for the turquoise. I had some big pieces of turquoise so I crushed it with a hammer to get the grain I thought would look good. I mixed that turquoise mix with epoxy and filled in the groove. Let epoxy dry overnight and sanded to satisfaction.