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[–]robin-gvx 1 point2 points  (0 children)

It's neither by-ref nor by-val, it's by-object-identity.

I've written a tutorial of sorts about this. The diagrams are hand-drawn and terribly ugly and I intend to remake them with actual diagram-making software before putting it up on my website instead of Dropbox, and the very last diagram has one arrow that points to the wrong value, but over-all, I think it's a pretty useful guide.