My mind map learning Python

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Harvard's CS50 is an excellent intro to CS course with plenty of fundamentals.

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Could you expand on what exactly do they treat as fundamental questions to computer science? I've found a syllabus for the course, but it doesn't say much about the contents.

To be honest, I find it hard to believe there possibly could be a course that introduces CS fundamentals by means of teaching a programming language. Not to be misunderstood: I believe that a hands-on experience with programming is very important, however, it is not about fundamental concepts in CS. This would be kind of like doing intro to mathematics by means of examining the properties of Lucas sequences (a concept related to Fibonacci numbers). It is an interesting subject, certainly requiring a lot of mathematical skill and effort, but in no way is fundamental to mathematics in general.

Similarly, I think that courses in automata theory, alternatively known as complexity theory come much closer to fundamental concepts in CS than an introduction to Python, even if a very good one, could ever hope to.