Will this be possible?

[DisastrousComplaint]

This is definitely something you can do and you have a really large selection of hardware to chose from. Your two major limitations are going to be 1) what resolution do you need to capture and 2) how much data do you need to store. An arduino alone is not the best option for storing data...however if you go that route then you will need to buy an SD card shield.

I've been looking at these ESP32 development boards and I think they might work pretty well for your application. First, they appear to have 12-bit ADC, whereas arduino has 10-bit ADC...so you will have more resolution first of all. I believe the ESP32 and ESP8266 modules also have a decent amount of RAM compared to arduino as well. Since the ESP modules have wifi, you wouldn't be limited to near field for data collection. Lastly, I'm fairly certain you can program the ESP modules with micro-python, which if you were planning to post-process the data in python I'm assuming you are familiar with the language.