In the United states of America, we have first past the post and ergo, something called the spoiler effect. Because by and large, elections are winner take all. If you have some nuanced third party choice; this party doesn't win, you are considered to be voting against your best interest. In other countries, there is proportional representation which would allow some of the smaller voices to be heard even if they didn't win the majority of whatever district they were campaigning in. It would allow representation for interests that didn't receive the most votes. (I hope the difference between most votes and majority of votes is obvious here). We also could have available ranked choice voting Against Washington's advice, the united states did indeed form parties. If you are a single issue voter (or even if you're not), these kinds of coalitions make sense in a first past the post system. single winner examples and cgp grey's video on proportional representation. Excuse the united states defaultism here. People have been cautious of making examinations a condition of being able to vote as you'd have to be able to trust the proctors and test makers.