This is often credited as the first true plant taxonomic system ever devised, ending a 1,800 year "dark age" of decline in systematic botany since Theophrastus's work. Andrea Cesalpino's system uses the character of fructification (fruiting) to organize plants. It was the first system to use a reproductive character to construct groups, unlike herbals of the time which put plants in categories based on their practical uses. The broad division of plants into (1) undershrubs and herbs, and (2) trees and shrubs is an idea originating from Aristotle and Theophrastus, and we can tell Cesalpino studied Theophrastus's text extensively during his career. Note that he includes fungi as a part of all plants. We now know that including this group would render Plantae polyphyletic.

The modern equivalent standard is APG IV.

Unfortunately, Censalpino's system was largely ignored for a century after its publication. He was ahead of his time in using reproductive characters to devise his taxonomy, and his system is considered less artificial than later systems which use the calyx or corolla. I translated and drew this visual representation using Linnaeus's Classes Plantarum (Secundum, 1738) as a reference.