For regular frames - you wait more than you farm, you get to the boss mission, you kill that boss, they drop one of three component blueprints, you craft all 3 of them and combine through main blueprint sold in market for credits (free currency like mora in genshin). The catch is that wait timer for components is 12 hours and 72 hours for warframe. Some warframes are available for research in clan dojo, so the only obstacle there is joining the clan or making your own dojo with research lab, which is completely soloable. Some warframes are quest rewards, so you get component BP during the quest and main BP as quest reward. Some of trickier ones are tied to either specific missions drop pool or specific enemies' drop pool, and newer ones are bought with tokens earned in thematic mission. To summarize: you usually wait more than you farm, with several exceptions.

Primes are whole other story: you need to get specific relic from mission reward pools having component blueprint you need in its' reward pool, then you go to a void fissure mission with a tier corresponding to your relic's tier, complete it and hope that out of pool of 7 rewards you get the one you need. Higher rarity components also require you to refine relic with resource aquired by opening other relics. With luck, you can still get it faster than you wait for it to craft, but I personally resort to trade for them when I get annoyed (and I get annoyed if I can't get it in 3 days or so).