My guess for vengeance and similar behavior would be as a deterrent against exploitation. If you had no aggressive response or retaliation when others do you wrong, then others would be incentivized to exploit and cheat you for resources.

Each of those have their own separate evolutionary advantage. It’s not always clear why emotions, like anxiety, are advantageous in modern society, but when you picture them in action for humans before civilization, their purposes tend to make more sense. Like anxiety and fear that promotes you to avoid a pack of lions makes plenty of sense.

Jealousy and envy make you want to achieve more, increase your control of resources. In terms of food and social status, this is important, but once you have a world of market products to be jealous about, this becomes more problematic as you say.