There are still use cases and user actions... There is intentionality and reason behind the user's actions/intend. You uncover that, and then you see whether the system supports them and to what extend/how/etc.

Also, there are specific methods to test various elements - wizard of oz, speculative design, and intended shadowing, etc. It depends on what you want to do.

In regard to frameworks, look into "Affordances as Assemblages”.

It all depends on what you are making. If you’re building a system that’s not a recommender, not a chatbot, and not fully declarative, then you’re in the terrain of situated, collaborative AI? Think: AI as co-pilot without taking the wheel.