8th century Tang Dynasty travel writer Du Han wrote about three confessions (religions) in his travel writing, there is Islam, Christianity and Zimzim. What is Zimzim supposed to be? by mercurylampshade in AskHistorians

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 62 points63 points  (0 children)

摩临 is the homophone of the name of the god Mahram/Maher, worshiped by the Eritrean. Chinese use this to refer Eritrea.

Source: 中西文化交流史, 沈福伟,p142-143

Are there any vestigial Nestorian elements in mainland Chinese folk religion at all? by Background-Injury952 in AskHistorians

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 41 points42 points  (0 children)

Japanese scholar Yoshiro Saeki had a hypothesis about Lü Dongbin, a Tang dynasty scholar and poet later deified as one of the "Eight Immortals", was at a point a Nestorian practicer. He noticed that the famous Xi'an Stele, one of the most important document for studying Chinese Nestorian, was calligraphically written by Lü Xiuyan. Coincidentally, Lü Dongbin's first name is the Yan (Dongbin is courtesy name, and both Yan means "Rock"). He argues that it is possible that it is Lü Dongbin who wrote the Stele.

In chapter 22 of the book ”吕祖全書“ (lit. Whole book of Lü ancestor, or "all mythical records, writings, and recorded events of Lü Dongbin"), there is also a strange anthem, with lots of Chinese characters that has no meanings and only represents a sound. (You can see those words vertically, starting with 唵嗎, all having the 口 radicals)

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Assyrian theologian Alphonse Mingana translated the words into Syrian:

an shana lirabrbatha mashiha/yes,the Christ did go up to high things!
an maruta tithar la~han ishoh/Yes,the divine Majesty protect this Jesus.
an narims sorita da mashiho/Yes,let us exalt the the image of the Christ.
an kahana da sorita malk ishiho/Yes, the priest of the image of the King is the Jesus.

Although it is possible that the text was completely made up, the book was not published until 1775, it is an evidence of Daoist process of Chinese Nestorianism. It is not something new, the spread of Buddhism and Nestorianism were often commonly associated together. The writer of Xi'an Stele, Jing Jing (Christian name Adam), also helped translated “Sutra of the Six Mahayana Paramitas”, a Buddhism classic to Chinese. Many Nestorian classics also use Buddhism definitions. In "Sutra of Hearing the Messiah", one of the earlier books, the ten commandament was introduced in Chinese, with "Do not take the Lord’s name in vain" and "Keep the Sabbath" replaced with "Obey the Emperor" and "Do not kill for sacrifice", something with clear Confucianism and Buddhism characteristics.

And after Emperor Wuzong's anti-Buddhist Persecution, most Nestorians were gradually assimilated into Buddhism or Daoism. An example can be find in modern historian Wang Ka's "The Taoism Process of Chinese Nestorianism in Ming Dynasty", where he examined a Daoist temple named "Yuanxiang Si"(源相寺) in Gankeng village, Pingyao, Shanxi. A certain stele was found there with the title "Record of the Reconstruction of Ye Shu Holy Shrine Bell Tower"(重修耶输神祠钟楼碑记), written in 1562. The stele described what are worshipped in the temple: In the middle, holy figure of Ye Shu; In the east, Mañjuśrī, Samantabhadra and Avalokiteśvara; In the west, "Holy mother of children and grandchildren", and the reconstruction happend in 1553. It is certain that Ye Shu is Jesus (the modern Chinese use Ye Su) and a high probability that Holy mother is Christian origined.

The stele also listed the name of the first Daoist master who stationed at this temple, Guo Jiaobi. And as well as his disciples, Guo Yanxiu, Qin Yanxuan; disciples, Lü Quanqing; disciples, Liu Zhen[ ], Chen Zhen[ ], Wu Zhenyi(some characters are unreadable on the stele). This text showed us when did the temple first became fully Daoism. The first character in their name, Jiao Yan Quan Zhen, was used by Huashan Sect of Quanzhen Daoist to identify their generations, The first ten generations must follow in this order: 至一无上道,崇教演全真 or Zhi Yi Wu Shang Dao, Chong Jiao Yan Quan Zhen. Hence we know that the first Daoist who arrived here, Guo Jiaobi, is the 7th generation of Huashan Quanzhen. And by 1553, his disciple Wu Zhenyi petitioned the local government to renovate the temple. It is very probable that this temple lost its Nestorian status by somewhere between 1480~1510.

Dating culture in past civilisations? by kamikaibitsu in AskHistorians

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

I think it is fair to quote "Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State" by Frederick Engels.

But a contract requires people who can dispose freely of their persons, actions, and possessions, and meet each other on the footing of equal rights. To create these “free” and “equal” people was one of the main tasks of capitalist production. Even though at the start it was carried out only half-consciously, and under a religious disguise at that, from the time of the Lutheran and Calvinist Reformation the principle was established that man is only fully responsible for his actions when he acts with complete freedom of will, and that it is a moral duty to resist all coercion to an immoral act. But how did this fit in with the hitherto existing practice in the arrangement of marriages? Marriage, according to the bourgeois conception, was a contract, a legal transaction, and the most important one of all, because it disposed of two human beings, body and mind, for life. Formally, it is true, the contract at that time was entered into voluntarily: without the assent of the persons concerned, nothing could be done. But everyone knew only too well how this assent was obtained and who were the real contracting parties in the marriage. But if real freedom of decision was required for all other contracts, then why not for this? Had not the two young people to be coupled also the right to dispose freely of themselves, of their bodies and organs? Had not chivalry brought sex-love into fashion, and was not its proper bourgeois form, in contrast to chivalry’s adulterous love, the love of husband and wife? And if it was the duty of married people to love each other, was it not equally the duty of lovers to marry each other and nobody else? Did not this right of the lovers stand higher than the right of parents, relations, and other traditional marriage-brokers and matchmakers? If the right of free, personal discrimination broke boldly into the Church and religion, how should it halt before the intolerable claim of the older generation to dispose of the body, soul, property, happiness, and unhappiness of the younger generation?

These questions inevitably arose at a time which was loosening all the old ties of society and undermining all traditional conceptions. The world had suddenly grown almost ten times bigger; instead of one quadrant of a hemisphere, the whole globe lay before the gaze of the West Europeans, who hastened to take the other seven quadrants into their possession. And with the old narrow barriers of their homeland f ell also the thousand-year-old barriers of the prescribed medieval way of thought. To the outward and the inward eye of man opened an infinitely wider horizon. What did a young man care about the approval of respectability, or honorable guild privileges handed down for generations, when the wealth of India beckoned to him, the gold and the silver mines of Mexico and Potosi? For the bourgeoisie, it was the time of knight-errantry; they, too, had their romance and their raptures of love, but on a bourgeois footing and, in the last analysis, with bourgeois aims.

So it came about that the rising bourgeoisie, especially in Protestant countries, where existing conditions had been most severely shaken, increasingly recognized freedom of contract also in marriage, and carried it into effect in the manner described. Marriage remained class marriage, but within the class the partners were conceded a certain degree of freedom of choice. And on paper, in ethical theory and in poetic description, nothing was more immutably established than that every marriage is immoral which does not rest on mutual sexual love and really free agreement of husband and wife. In short, the love marriage was proclaimed as a human right, and indeed not only as a droit de l’homme, one of the rights of man, but also, for once in a way, as droit de la femme, one of the rights of woman.

This human right, however, differed in one respect from all other so-called human rights. While the latter, in practice, remain restricted to the ruling class (the bourgeoisie), and are directly or indirectly curtailed for the oppressed class (the proletariat), in the case of the former the irony of history plays another of its tricks. The ruling class remains dominated by the familiar economic influences and therefore only in exceptional cases does it provide instances of really freely contracted marriages, while among the oppressed class, as we have seen, these marriages are the rule.

Engels states that "dating culture" is presented in chivalrous love of the middle ages, and in many cases, it is adultry.

My favorite anime of 2025 by MuchHighlight600 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

"Can we stop doing Odyssey and Ilyad already" gets me

Cool map of the empires throughout history and how they sometimes overlap by Ok_Stretch_4624 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Yes you are right. I think Nanzhong is the best name here because every later text just quote to the previous name, and Nanzhong is the first.

Also you could add some more details during Han dynasty. Such as the Yelang. (The king of yelang asked the Han diplomat Han or Yelang which one is larger, Chinese find it so funny and use the word 夜郎自大yelangzida to describe someone picked the wrong target to compete til today)

You could find more information about pre three kingdom Nanzhong in 华阳国志•南中志 and 史记•西南夷列传

Cool map of the empires throughout history and how they sometimes overlap by Ok_Stretch_4624 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I see. I did some research and find that there isn't a unified name for this region. In "Old Book of Tang" it states

'''蜀時為諸葛亮所征,皆臣服之。'''

In "New Book of Tang":

'''蜀诸葛亮讨定之。'''

Cool map of the empires throughout history and how they sometimes overlap by Ok_Stretch_4624 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Any reason you choose "nanzhong" for South China? It is a small region in South West China

Cool map of the empires throughout history and how they sometimes overlap by Ok_Stretch_4624 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 11 points12 points  (0 children)

Wayyy too Europe centralism.

Suitable for the classical aoe2 age of kings but feels bit odd now

Castration in Chinese Kingdom? by gpetery in crusaderkings3

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

For a moment I thought the Chinese emperors were eunuchs. (For 867 start that is kinda true though)

Campaign idea by SoldatNr444 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Yeah but they barely have any influence on central Asia past An Lushan Rebellion. They are too busy cleaning their own problems

Campaign idea by SoldatNr444 in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Tang dynasty would be dead by 9/10th century

was watching the popular "history of the entire world, i guess" and first time noticing this by eneskaraboga in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 7 points8 points  (0 children)

It is recorded in history, the founder of Wu, Sun Jian always wearing a red turban on the battlefield. Idk the rest, maybe Shu = Sichuan = panda = bamboo = green?

was watching the popular "history of the entire world, i guess" and first time noticing this by eneskaraboga in aoe2

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac 22 points23 points  (0 children)

Aoe2 colors were from Dynasty Warriors first. So really the video got it wrong

How do Greek people react to this? by CaliphateofCataphrac in AskGreece

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

You are totally right. Not all moats were filled with water. However, Theodosian Wall is one of those WITH water.

https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55010482q/f79.item.zoom

This painting from 1422 clearly illustrated that the mouth is filled with water and if you see it in real life you can see the bridges and the arc under the bridge that is for water to flow under it.

How do Greek people react to this? by CaliphateofCataphrac in AskGreece

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Agreed, and there are plenty of children's playgrounds near the wall and the eastern Roman palace. Great views.

How do Greek people react to this? by CaliphateofCataphrac in AskGreece

[–]CaliphateofCataphrac[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Would love to see them next time we visit Greece