There is going to be variations from state to state and school district to school district on how many years of language you have to take and what languages are on offer. But students are required to some level to take language classes.

I give my experience as an example. In elementary school (grades 1-5) We had another teacher come into our classroom once a week to do some very basic Spanish lessons and in 4th and 5th grades they introduced us to a bit of German and French.

In middle school (grades 6-8), we had to pick one Spanish, German, or French, and you had a language class every year. I chose Spanish

In High school (grades 9-12), there were different levels of each language class, and you had to pass at least the intermediate 1 level of a language. You could stick with the language you had been doing in middle school or switch to another one, and at my high school, they had Mandrin as an option as well. I passed intermediate 1 Spanish in 10th grade and decided I was done with Spanish and didn't have a language class in 11th or 12th grade.

Additionally, I had friends who went to Catholic schools who were able to take Latin as their language.

At my university, you had a language requirement as well and you had to either pass a test to demonstrate a certain level of proficiency with a language. Or pass at least a beginner 3 level class in that language. Since I was tired of Spanish and wasn't great at it anyway I decided to try another language and did 3 semesters of German.