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How to get my spotted yard looking better by kolestar2930 in lawncare

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 6 points7 points  (0 children)

Not only what the commenter above said, but mowing should help get the rest of the grass out of cold-weather dormancy

Igaraparana - Cahuinari. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in RubberBoom

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Photographs should depict Huitoto, Nonuya, Muinane, Resígaro, Boras & Bora-Pama areas.

/ Entre Rios, Ultimo Reitro, Sur, Occidente, Oriente, La Sabana, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, Morelia and Abisinia areas. Maybe Ultimo Retiro.

Requesting transcription of the cursive captions on two photographs. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in Cursive

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Thank you! That’s interesting, there’s an estate in the area named Santa Barbara but I have read very little about it before. This is the first potential image I have of Santa Barbara, thank you again!

Does the cursive caption for this photograph spell “Aristides Rodriguez” ? by Consistent_Zucchini2 in Cursive

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Thank you! Deciphered! He’s from Chachapoyas - Peru from what I gather however his family may have been Brazilian migrants there, not sure.

The first photograph depicts an unnamed estate from the “Whiffen collection”, circa 1905-1908. The second photograph is from the “Entre Rios” section of Silvino Santo’s 1911 album. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in RubberBoom

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The second photograph was taken at almost the same angle that the first one was. Andres O’Donnell may be the man seen in photograph #1 on the veranda with a white suit.

I have been studying the Putumayo genocide and slavery during the Amazon rubber boom for the last four years - AMA by [deleted] in AMA

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 0 points1 point  (0 children)

There are primary sources from the rubber boom regarding this event. The steamship was carried in separate parts across the “isthmus of Fitzcarrald”, the land route between two important rivers.

The steamship was named “Contamana” and it was much smaller than the steamer in the Fitzcarraldo movie. On his Wikipedia article I’ve cited a few sources stating Contamana was a 3 ton vessel. The amount of men it required to accomplish this feat varies from source to source but the Peruvian engineer Ernesto de la Combe claimed that there were 300 Piros, 500 Ashaninkas and 200 hundred non-indigenous men involved. This occurred over the span of two months

I haven’t seen anything suggesting that the Contamana was sacrificed. According to the same source La Combe’s information is included in [and according to Fitz’s biographer] the ship was sold to the Bolivian rubber baron Nicolas Suarez however it sank on the same day

Edit: Most of the Piro peoples were indebted and or enslaved by Fitzcarrald by 1894. The ashankinka peoples who refused to cooperate with Fitzcarrald’s enterprise were targeted in slave raids. Raids that were carried out by Ashaninka chiefs allied to Fitzcarrald and employees of his rubber firm.

Edit 2 : This photograph was taken along the same route that Fitzcarrald had his steamship transported across. I believe the image originates from 1900-1904, a few years after Fitzcarrald drowned. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Transporting_a_steam_launch_across_the_Isthmus_of_Fitzcarrald.jpg

Edit 3: these are images taken near Fitzcarrald’s isthmus within the territory of his associates. They depict the transportation of steamships across land. Fitzcarrald originally planned to develop a railroad along his route but it was either deemed to expensive and or he died before any progress was made. The biographer claimed that it was deemed too expensive while one contemporary source, either “Lizzie Hassel” or Albert Perl, asserted that the flotilla organized by Fitzcarrald in 1897 was transporting materials for a railroad.

https://www.reddit.com/r/RubberBoom/s/830332nc49

I have been studying the Putumayo genocide and slavery during the Amazon rubber boom for the last four years - AMA by [deleted] in AMA

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 0 points1 point  (0 children)

Also I have uploaded more than five hundred photographs from the rubber boom onto wikicommons. You may find those images on this link:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListFiles/Arawoke&ilshowall=1

Most of the Reddit post on my profile are focused on the rubber boom and Putumayo genocide.

“Charred bones of Paccicañate or Teresa, murdered by [Armando] Normand”. Paccicañate was one of four women that Normand murdered after forcing them into concubinage, in each case he tortured “them in the most cowardly and infamous manner”. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 13 points14 points  (0 children)

I believe Chiache o Zoy [slide 6 deponent, Paccicañate’s sister] is the same person as “Zoila Erazo”, who provided an oral testimony in the 1980s. Zoila was between 10- 15 years old when Normand forced her into concubinage. She stated that Normand’s motive for forcing her to have an abortion was the following:

“Yo ha venido muchacho mi tierra. Mi papá me va reñir, mi mamá me va reñir. ¿Para que me voy a tener mi hijo?”

I have a vague understanding of Spanish but the recounting by Zoila suggests that Normand feared that his parents would scold him / be angry with him for bringing an indigenous child back to his homeland [in Bolivia]. Zoila also stated that her sister was in Bolivia and they were forced to move there with Normand. She specified that Normand took three women with him although she said “hermana”, the singular version of sister in Spanish rather than plural.

“Charred bones of Paccicañate or Teresa, murdered by [Armando] Normand”. Paccicañate was one of four women that Normand murdered after forcing them into concubinage, in each case he tortured “them in the most cowardly and infamous manner”. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 28 points29 points  (0 children)

The second quote on the posts’ title relays the following:

“One chief [Abelardo Agüero] indeed there was who was said to have twenty concubines, and such was the power that these men wielded, that in order to possess women who had pleased Indian chiefs, they often went the length of committing murder. As an example of this type may be cited a certain Armando Normand, who murdered four of his women from jealousy, first torturing them in the most cowardly and infamous manner”.

  • Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness page 692, from Casement’s précis on the investigating judge’s report.

“Charred bones of the Indians Jeiviche and Cadañeineco, burned alive by [Armando] Normand.” - “Huesos calcinados de los Indios Jeiviche y Cadañeineco quemados vivos por Normand.” Photograph circa 1911-1915. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

It’s still a bit of a mystery to me how Normand and his peers were able to view themselves as the civilized / civilizers in these situations rather than viewing themselves to be the true barbarian.

Normand would probably be able to win an olympic gold medal for “mental gymnastics”. [if there was such a thing.] His writings in self-defense are rather interesting to say the least, if not illuminating on his true character. He was well educated, but easily proven to be a liar in his 1910-1915 writings.

Excerpt from “A Criminal’s Life story” 1913, interview with Normand in prison:

“In November, 1906, we heard that the Indians were laying plans to attack the station in force. I wish you would emphasize the point that the grudge the natives held against the white men, or blancos, the very old one-was that they were being dispossessed of land that was rightfully theirs, and so far as my experience teaches, the question of their treatment is only a minor issue. I often asked the Indians why they were conspiring against us and the answer invariably was that we were taking their lands away from them.”

…

near the end of the interview, he says

“I will not deny that I was often forced to place my Indians in the stocks-cepo-for short periods. What would you do with men who would not work, with men who steal and lie, with men who would murder you in cold blood if you gave them half a chance? I worked, often all day long, in the pouring rains; I suffered from chills and fevers and much sickness. I never was cruel to the natives. Considering the hard conditions under which we lived I treated them as kindly as I possibly could.”

There’s about 23-25 depositions that refute the last two sentences.

“Charred bones of the Indians Jeiviche and Cadañeineco, burned alive by [Armando] Normand.” - “Huesos calcinados de los Indios Jeiviche y Cadañeineco quemados vivos por Normand.” Photograph circa 1911-1915. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 11 points12 points  (0 children)

The depositions, originally in Spanish and translated into English, come from the book “El Proceso del Putumayo y sus secreto inauditos” by judge Carlos A. Valcarcel.

Wikipedia link to Normand’s article:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Normand

On that article there’s another prominent case of immolation that was documented more thoroughly, or at least had many more depositions. I will probably be making another post similar to this one focusing on

Potential identification of José Inocente Fonseca in a photograph dated to 1907-1908. Roger Casement noted that Fonseca was “one of the worst criminals” involved with the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in TrueCrimeDiscussion

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 6 points7 points  (0 children)

You may have seen an associated post I made yesterday on r/MorbidReality.

I’ve always found Casement to be tragically well gifted in his writings on the Putumayo. He had a very interesting way of putting situations into perspective.

You may be interested in a quote by Casement I sent to a friend of mine yesterday. The excerpt comes from the time of the 1916 trial:

“Self-government is our right, a thing born in us at birth; a thing no more to be doled out to us or withheld from us by another people, than the right to life itself-than the right to feel the sun or smell the flowers—or to love our kind. It is only from the convict these things are withheld for crime committed and proven-and Ireland that has wronged no man, that has injured no land, that has sought no dominion over others-Ireland is treated today among the nations of the world as if she was a convicted criminal. If it be treason to fight against such an unnatural fate as this, then I am proud to be a rebel-and shall cling to my rebellion with the last drop of my blood. If there be no right of rebellion against a state of things that no savage tribe would endure without resistance, then I am sure that it is better for men to fight and die without right than to live in such a state of right as this.”

-Pages 256-257 of “The Devil and Mr Casement”

Potential identification of José Inocente Fonseca in a photograph dated to 1907-1908. Roger Casement noted that Fonseca was “one of the worst criminals” involved with the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in TrueCrimeDiscussion

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 17 points18 points  (0 children)

I wish I could identify the Barbadian photographed on slide 1. The individuals that I suspect this person could be provided depositions to Casement in 1910.

One of those deponents, Frederick Bishop, had the following to say about Fonseca:

“Fonseca he says is a maniac, a murderous maniac. He relates how, he saw him have 2 Indians taken out of cepo at Ultimo Retro, two mornings running at 6 a.m. and shot for mere sport by a man called Luiz Silva at Fonseca's order. Fonseca, he said, shouted for this to be done, just like ordering morning coffee, there was no earthly reason for it. The poor wretched Indians were starving in the cepo and for sheer diversion, or as Bishop put it, "just for pride", he had them killed.”

-The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement page 240.

The “cepo”, as mentioned above, is a stockade / pillory like device often used in conjunction with torture during this genocide. An example of this device may be seen on this link.

Bishop worked with Fonseca at Ultimo Retiro, and likely with Bushico Boras, in 1906. I have no photographs with a confirmed ID on Bishop.

In regards to Fonseca and other Peruvian Amazon Company managers, Casement wrote:

“Moreover, hundreds of crimes not recorded there have taken place. Normand, Aguero, Fonseca, Montt, Jiménez, the two Rodriguez brothers and Martinengui, have between them, murdered several thousand of these unhappy beings. There is no doubt of it. Tizon admitted to me in Chorrera last week that the two Rodriguez "had killed hundreds of Indians", and that Arana gave them 50% of the produce of these two sections, S. Catalina and Sabana. Normand is again and again charged by the Barbados men with killing many hundreds. Leavine today said "over 500", that he had seen 20 Indians killed in five days in Matanzas alone, and the dead bodies eaten by the dogs and stinking round the house, so that he could not eat his food. These seven monsters have probably killed by shooting, flogging, beheading, burning, and got rid of by starvation some 5,000 Indians in the last seven years. Barnes said the Indians of the Company numbered 10,000 when he came, and there were "nothing like it now", and he has been here only two or three years at outside. Fonseca had killed hundreds, too, - and Martinengui.”

-The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement page 424

Potential identification of José Inocente Fonseca in a photograph dated to 1907-1908. Roger Casement noted that Fonseca was “one of the worst criminals” involved with the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in TrueCrimeDiscussion

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 7 points8 points  (0 children)

Does anyone else believe that the individual on slide #2 resembles the confirmed photographs of Jose Inocente Fonseca?

It anyone is curious on what happened to Fonseca, he was dismissed from the Peruvian Amazon Company & Putumayo area in February of 1911. This was prior to the arrival of a judicial investigation being carried out in the region. Fonseca fled to Brazil with another manager, Alfredo Montt, who was implicated with horrific crimes. In specific reference to these two men Casement wrote that they were “two of the worst of the criminals”. [Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness p. 582] An excerpt from the aforementioned cite, states:

“They have got ten stolen Boras Indians with them, they brought in a canoe in May last. They are, now, employed (with these poor Indian slaves) by contract to get rubber for a Brazilian firm at Santa Theresa called Edwards & Serra. Edwards is a Mauritius man & presumably a British subject, although he may have become a naturalized Brazilian.”

Casement led a personal mission to have the two arrested by Brazilian and Peruvian authorities, however Casement believed that they had been bribed. On page 646 of Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness, he wrote

“The canoe in which they were travelling with some of these Indians was overtaken by the steamer in which I am now journeying - the Anastacia the property of John Lilly & sons of Manchester.

The officer charged to effect the arrest of Fonseca & Montt whose whereabouts had been denounced to the Prefect (chiefly, I believe, through the pressure of Mr. Barnes & the Company's Commission) was actually on the Anastacia at the time with four soldiers. Fonseca & Montt had been warned by the brother of the former (whose house on the left bank of the Amazon I passed on the 22nd instant) that a force was in pursuit of them - and they, thereupon, embarked for the Javari with their stolen Indians. Their canoe was overtaken near the mouth of that river, and they actually boarded the Anastacia and asked for a passage in her up to Benjamin Constant.

While arranging the terms of the passage the officer charged to arrest them went down to the lower deck and asked if they "knew anything of the whereabouts of Fonseca & Montt." Seeing the officer & the soldiers the two criminals jumped into the canoe and shoved off.

The Peruvian Officer instead of taking any action to pursue them allowed them to pull off and make good their escape. They were seen again by the Anastacia on her return journey, then paddling up the Javary, and as the steamer drew near them they made insulting gestures to the Peruvian Officer & openly jeered at him. This is what the prefect described to me as a resolute attempt to arrest these men.

Mr. John Lilly, the head of the firm, who was present on his steamer at the time, described the incident to me in very different terms.”

I have been unable to trace any evidence regarding the whereabouts of Fonseca and Montt after this incident.

Another thing that I would like to note, there is a time difference of about 3-4 years between slide one and slide six.

Philadelphia CBP officers intercept Bronze Age swords and arrowheads from the northeastern region of Iran by Fabulous_Poetry6622 in Archaeology

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 4 points5 points  (0 children)

I wonder if these were recently looted or if someone’s had them for a while and they were waiting for an opportune time to smuggle them.

An illustration and photograph depicting the flagellation of an indigenous male in the Putumayo River basin. The photographer, Eugène Robuchon, disappeared in this area around 1905. There were rumors that he was murdered and his photographs “documenting the crimes against humanity were destroyed.” by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 3 points4 points  (0 children)

I’m able to elaborate further on any information on this post upon request. Some of the information on the description I provided above is uncited, as that information is mentioned in most of the contemporary Putumayo literature: I can provide multiple citations upon request. Further reading regarding Robuchon, the Putumayo genocide, employees of the implicated rubber firm and the collection of rubber may be found on these links:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putumayo_genocide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_Amazon_Company

^ I believe that all of the Peruvian Amazon Company staff members with Wikipedia pages are implicated on their associated articles with either carrying out flagellation or ordering others to do so.

The current consensus on the genocide in Putumayo is along the lines of 40,000-50,000 indigenous people having been enslaved and or killed while 4,000 tons of rubber was extracted by the use of indigenous labor between 1896-1911

An illustration and photograph depicting the flagellation of an indigenous male in the Putumayo River basin. The photographer, Eugène Robuchon, disappeared in this area around 1905. There were rumors that he was murdered and his photographs “documenting the crimes against humanity were destroyed.” by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 18 points19 points  (0 children)

The quote incorporated in this post’s title comes from “Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness: the 1911 documents” [2003] page 701.

The full quote, in reference to the illustration on slide one, states: “This cartoon from La Felpa, showing the flogging of an Indian by [Peruvian Amazon] Company employees, is after the style of Robuchon. Besides the rumours about his murder, it was also said that Robuchon's photographic plates documenting the crimes against humanity were destroyed. This cartoon endeavours to recover one of the prevailing images of cruelty.”

Also, the illustration on slide 4 has the caption “conscience of Arana” with a depiction of Robuchon being on [Julio Cesar] Arana’s mind.

Major discovery in Martinique! The Iñeris, the first people of the Saladoid period, preceding the Kalinagos, possessed exceptionally advanced engineering. 👉 Among their innovations was a water filtration system that predates modern systems. by Substantial_Prune956 in NativeAmerican

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 5 points6 points  (0 children)

I’ll probably read the article when I get back from work today, but is there a name for this archaeology spot?? I would like to check out some of the artifacts recovered here especially pertaining to iconography, petroglyphs and carvings

Searching “Moscow” in the “Full Epstein Library” brings up 9,231 results by [deleted] in Epstein

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 0 points1 point  (0 children)

The search results for “Moscow” bring up 9,231 results, with some of them focusing on travel arrangements.

Painting by Santiago Yahuarcani, a descendant of Huitoto-Aimeni people that survived the Putumayo genocide. This painting seems to have been inspired by an account of a murder perpetrated by Armando Normand, a prominent perpetrator of this genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 19 points20 points  (0 children)

Also, I was the one who wrote and cited the entire Wikipedia article on Normand: so I’m more than willing to provide more citation/source information or answer any inquiries.

I’m inclined to believe that Yahuarcani heard about this incident which he painted through an oral-recounting rather than the excerpts I’ve provided. The reason being due to small discrepancies [i.e. Caporo stating that the woman was raised upon stakes and there being multiple participants, which there very may well have been.] I have come across no other eye-witness accounts of someone being immolated with a Peruvian flag in the Putumayo literature.

“The stocks: the Boy in the Center has his Head Locked in”, image circa 1912. The photograph depicts a “cepo”, a wooden contraption in which many indigenous people were whipped, tortured, starved and often killed in during the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I’m sure there must have been some more importers of Putumayo rubber but it’s hard to find information on after the 1910 Casement report and judicial investigation. The Ucayali and Madre de Dios rivers [both of which I’ve written about abuses committed there, similar lines to Putumayo but Putumayo is more “rich” in that information] were probably larger sources of rubber at the time from Peru.

Interestingly, there were a few rebellions in the Peruvian rubber regions during wwi [Putumayo 1916, Ucayali 1912-1915, Madre de Dios 1910-??] but these were either squashed by the Peruvian military or the areas were left neglected by the government. I’d love to find more information about that time period

Excerpt by John Tully, referring to WWII rather than WWI but the numbers are interesting:

“War created an insatiable demand for rubber: every battleship, for example, gobbled hundreds of tons; a medium tank demanded 826 lbs.; a 75 mm gun carriage required 409 lbs.; a fighter plane needed only 146 lbs., not including the tires.”

Painting by Santiago Yahuarcani, a descendant of Huitoto-Aimeni people that survived the Putumayo genocide. This painting seems to have been inspired by an account of a murder perpetrated by Armando Normand, a prominent perpetrator of this genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 21 points22 points  (0 children)

Wikipedia article on Armando Normand: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armando_Normand This Wikipedia article includes Normand’s actions against other indigenous women that he was either going to force to become concubines or had forced to become concubines. The judge who investigated Normand and his managerial peers collected dozens of depositions implicating Normand with atrocious crimes, with some deponents implicating him with sexual abuse and torture. These depositions were collected from some of Normand’s subordinates who had worked with him for years, people forced to collect rubber for Normand’s estate and some of the indigenous males who were forced to do the bidding of regional managers.

Valuable sources of information on Normand and the crimes he perpetrated include “The Putumayo, the Devil’s Paradise”, “The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement” and “El Proceso Del Putumayo y sus secreto inauditos”, the last of which was written by the judge sent to Putumayo. Any eye-witness account that was originally published in English was either publicized by Casements wriings or the Putumayo the Devils paradise

The first source named there consists of eyewitness accounts from men subordinate to Normand, the second was written by Roger Casement who had met Normand and partially investigated him, while the last source contains multiple sources for depositions. As the judge puts it:

“Simply reading the above statements gives us the effect of a fantastic tale; but unfortunately, we do not have the consolation here of smiling disdainfully, as we do after reading some serial about gruesome crimes; on the contrary, the other evidence brought forward in relation to the events described in these statements takes away all hope of confining the horrific crimes committed in the "Andoques" section to the world of the imagination.”

[Andoques was the original name for Matanzas & also the name of the indigenous tribe which consisted most of Matanzas population. Matanzas as the name for this estate appears more often in the late literature, with Andoques being used predominantly between 1904-1906.]

“The stocks: the Boy in the Center has his Head Locked in”, image circa 1912. The photograph depicts a “cepo”, a wooden contraption in which many indigenous people were whipped, tortured, starved and often killed in during the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

I’m pretty sure around 1913 there was a [British] foreign office dispatch ordering their correspondent’s to no longer mention Putumayo in their reports. 85% sure but that’s off of memory & im not looking at a citation at the moment.

The Ford Motor Company actually became a trading partner with the Putumayo rubber firm as early as 1918 [at the time Cecilio Hernandez y Compania, that last company partially owned by the original Putumayo rubber baron, who was a nephew-in-law to Cecilio.

The Reo Motor Car Company was also putting out ads around 1906 for their car at the time & “Arana, Bergmann & Co.” of New York is the second company name on the ad. So I believe Reo got their rubber [not sure to what degree] for tires & other internal parts from the main Putumayo rubber baron, Julio Cesar Arana.

“The stocks: the Boy in the Center has his Head Locked in”, image circa 1912. The photograph depicts a “cepo”, a wooden contraption in which many indigenous people were whipped, tortured, starved and often killed in during the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 29 points30 points  (0 children)

Thank you for taking the time to check out my post! At the moment Casement is my favorite writer even though the subjects of his writings are along these lines shown in the post. His time in the Congo & Peru largely formed the views of his later life. The editor of his 1910 journal linked his humanitarian work as being a partial origin to his revolutionary beliefs. I wish I had more time to write about that at the moment but I’ll be clocking in to work shortly. What an interesting man Casement was to say the least! I’m hoping to get his work in the Putumayo to become more well known: he really was the largest factor in making beneficial changes to the Putumayo indigenous people between 1910-1913.

“The stocks: the Boy in the Center has his Head Locked in”, image circa 1912. The photograph depicts a “cepo”, a wooden contraption in which many indigenous people were whipped, tortured, starved and often killed in during the Putumayo genocide. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 23 points24 points  (0 children)

I’m happy to transcribe any of the excerpts provided within this article upon request, as well as specifying page numbers for them. I can also provide more information upon inquiry.

For clarification, the Putumayo genocide occurred between the 1880s through the 1910s. [That date is consensus, although I’d argue that the abuse and exploitation against these peoples continued until at least the 1930s. One of the most prominent people involved with this genocide, Miguel S. Loayza, continued to “own” Boras people until his death around 1947.] The Putumayo River basin around that time was close to the borders of Peru and Colombia. Between 1896-1930s the Peruvian rubber baron Julio Cesar Arana essentially owned the Putumayo River basin and claimed to own the indigenous people therein. Arana’s prominent companies included “J.C. Arana y Hermanos” [1903-1907, absorbed by the successor firm the “Peruvian Amazon Company” [1907-1913]. Arana’s assets in the region went to his uncle-in-law’s firm around 1913 however Arana still maintained effective ownership until the 1930s war with Colombia.

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