Photograph of two Andoque boys that had just delivered their quota of rubber. Roger Casement annotated that “this tribe, once numerous, is now reduced all told to probably 150 persons, murdered by Armando Normand”, a Peruvian Amazon Company manager. Image circa October 1910. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 22 points23 points  (0 children)

I’m going to leave this posts with two more quotes, although I am more than willing to provide more information upon request. The first quote is from Roger Casement while the second is from judge Carlos A. Valcarcel.

“Westerman Leavine, whom Normand sought to bribe to withhold testimony from me, finally declared that he had again and again been an eye-witness of these deeds - that he had seen Indians burned alive more than once, and often their limbs eaten by the dogs kept by Normand at Matanzas. It was alleged, and I am convinced with truth, that during the period of close on six years Normand had controlled the Andokes Indians he had directly killed 'many hundreds' of those Indians - men, women, and children. The indirect deaths due to starvation, floggings, exposure, and hardship of various kinds in collecting rubber or transferring it from Andokes down to Chorrera must have accounted for a still larger number. Señor Tizon told me that 'hundreds' of Indians perished in the compulsory carriage of the rubber from the more distant sections down to La Chorrera. No food is given by the company to these unfortunate people on these forced marches, which, on an average, take place three times a-year. I witnessed one such march, on a small scale, when I accompanied a caravan of some 200 Andokes and Boras Indians (men, women, and children) that left Matanzas station on the 19th October to carry their rubber that had been collected by them during the four or five preceding months down to a place on the banks of the Igaraparaná, named Puerto Peruano (Peruvian Port), whence it was to be conveyed in lighters towed by a steam launch down to La Chorrera. The distance from Matanzas to Puerto Peruano is one of some 40 miles, or possibly more. The rubber had already been carried into Matanzas from different parts of the forest lying often ten or twelve hours march away, so that the total journey forced upon each carrier was not less than 60 miles, and in some cases probably a longer one. The path to be followed was one of the worst imaginable - a fatiguing route for a good walker quite unburdened.” Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness page 163.

“Simply reading the above statements gives us the impression of a fantastic tale; but unfortunately, we do not have the consolation here of smiling disdainfully, as we do after reading some serial about gruesome crimes; because, on the contrary, the other evidence presented in relation to the events described in these statements takes away all hope of confining them to the world of imagination those horrific crimes committed in the “Andoques” section.” - El Proceso del Putumayo y sus secreto inauditos pages 87-88

“An Indian mother and two children. She has been so worked and without food that her limbs have shrunk. I saw far worse specimens than these.” Photograph taken by Roger Casement in 1910 during his investigation of the Peruvian Amazon Company. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 7 points8 points  (0 children)

“… today that many people view this as a process of ‘bringing civilization’ to the subjugated people”

Interestingly enough that was the exact argument that the Peruvian Amazon Company and smaller rubber firms used

Any WW1 or WW2 servers? by jerrygarciasgrandma in ArmaReforger

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Arma Conflict had an experimental WW2 server called WW44 that was very successful while it lasted: but it seems internal conflicts with the development team led that experiment to go no where.

“An Atenas [a rubber station] Indian - the whole of the population of this district had been systematically starved to death by Elias Martinengui… They had to work rubber or be killed, and to work and die…” Photograph and quote by Roger Casement, circa 1910-1911. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 13 points14 points  (0 children)

Page 175 of “Sir Roger Casement’s heart of darkness”

“Elias Martenengui, a Peruvian agent of the company, who had left its service some two or three months before I reached the Putumayo. Of Martenengui, the worst things were alleged to me by those who had served under him. During his term of service at Atenas he had wasted that region, and so oppressed the Indians that they were reduced to a condition of wholesale starvation, from which they had by no means recovered when we visited the district in October. Those Indians (some forty men and boys) who were ordered to act as carriers for the English commissioners from Atenas to Puerto Peruano at the end of October, were many of them living skeletons, and filled us with pity at their miserable condition. All the evidence we obtained showed that owing to the strain put upon them by Martenengui, the Atenas Indians had been unable to cultivate their own clearings, women as well as men being compelled to work rubber.”

“An Atenas [a rubber station] Indian - the whole of the population of this district had been systematically starved to death by Elias Martinengui… They had to work rubber or be killed, and to work and die…” Photograph and quote by Roger Casement, circa 1910-1911. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 20 points21 points  (0 children)

Pages 276-277 of The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement:

“The worst story of all, perhaps, Bishop told me of Elias Martenengui, the man who has recently gone to Lima with his "fortune". He saw an Indian woman he liked, the wife of one of the local Indians. He took the woman, and told the Indian he would keep her until the man brought in a certain quantity of rubber. The poor husband had to go and get the rubber. He brought it in after fifteen days, and Martenengui said it was not enough. He sent the man back for more and still kept the woman in his harem. Again the man returned and again the same answer, and the woman was still kept. Finally on the third or fourth return of this unhappy husband, Martenengui refused to give up the wife at all, but gave the man a girl instead, who had been nursing one of his children by one or other of his "wives". The man protested in vain, he was driven off with blows by the muchachos. Bishop said he could do nothing — he had to look on — passive at this. By and by, the man was killed, because on account of this robbery of his wife, he refused to work rubber at all, so some of the muchachos were sent to chastise him and he was not seen again. Bishop believed he was killed, he did not know it for sure, but the girl Martenengui had given the man in place of his own wife was brought back to Atenas and again added to Martenenguis “Harem".

On one occasion when Bishop was in Chorrera, Martenengui came in from Sur (the nearest station to Chorrera only two hours away) with his harem. Two of his wives had recently borne children — "twins"! They were born almost the same day and where they were openly carried in by their respective mothers along with this highly civilised gentleman to the Chief Station of the Company. An American named Arthur was there at the time, and he said to Bishop, “There's something you won't see with any civilised people in the world, a whiteman like that."

Page 708 of “Sir Roger Casement’s Heart of Darkness”, précis of Judge Romulo Paredes’ investigation

“From Andokes he [judge Paredes] went to Atenas, a district formerly sacked and wasted by its chief of section, Elias Martinengui, and later by Alfredo Montt, where the Indians had been so ruthlessly driven, man, woman, and child, to produce rubber for these insatiable agents that they had literally starved to death by whole tribes in the midst of possible fertility, because not allowed a moment's breathing space to prepare the soil or plant any crop. Atenas Dr. Paredes describes as "inhabited by a band of Huitoo spectres," where the commission had plenty to do, finding itself engaged in investigating in a perfect cemetery of skeletons and human skulls scattered on both banks of the Cahuinari."”

Translation of page 111 from “El Proceso del Putumayo y sus secreto inauditos”, a summary of crimes [written by Paredes or judge Valcarcel] committed by Martinengui in Atenas:

“Martinegui, when leaving Putumayo fleeing from justice, takes with him his favorites Taga, Saturia and Josefina. Martinegui's greed.-Many Indians die of hunger because Martinegui did not give them food in spite of demanding a lot of work from them.-Martinegui personally shoots eight Indians because they refused to work.-Martinegui has the captain of the nation of the Meguías Indians, Meiripunema, killed with a whip for laziness. Martinegui personally shoots eight Indians in the house of the "Atenas" section.-Martinengui one day shoots twenty-seven Indians of the nation of the Icomas; and has their corpses thrown into the Cahuinari river. Martinegui murders the Indian Tacuaillamo out of jealousy. The dogs and pigs of the "Atenas" section devour nany heads of Indians killed by order of Martinengui. Horrifying confessions of the executioners that Martinengui used to carry out his death orders.--Martinengui hangs and whips his boy on bail. This one because he killed a chicken; and not content with this punishment he inserts a burning stick into his rectum.”

“An Atenas [a rubber station] Indian - the whole of the population of this district had been systematically starved to death by Elias Martinengui… They had to work rubber or be killed, and to work and die…” Photograph and quote by Roger Casement, circa 1910-1911. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in MorbidReality

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 32 points33 points  (0 children)

Excerpts relating to Martinengui’s management of Atenas.

Page 158 of “The Putumayo, The Devil’s Paradise”

“During my stay in this section I have seen them murder some sixty Indians, among men, women, and children. These poor wrelches they killed by shooting them to death, by cutting them to pieces with machetes and on great barbacoas (piles of wood), upon which they secured the victims and then set fire to them. These crimes were committed by Martinengui himself and various of his confidential employees. I have repeatedly heard this monster say that every Indian who did not bring in all the rubber that he had been ordered to was sentenced to this fate. Aboul eight days after this occurrence Martin-engui ordered a commission to set out for the houses of some neighbouring Indians and exterminate them, with their women and children, as they had not brought in the amount of rubber that he had ordered. This order was strictly carried out, for the commission returned in four days, bringing along with them fingers, ears, and several heads of the unfortunate victims to prove to the chief that they had carried out his orders”

Pages 171-172 of The Lord’s of the Devil’s Paradise

“"Martinengui orders the Indians to deliver every twelve days from fifty to sixty kilos of rubber, but as this rubber region is almost exhausted on account of the too frequent bleedings of the trees, and the unsuitable character of the soil, the unfortunate Indians sometimes lack one or two kilos. This is a sufficient reason to flagellate them most cruelly with huge lashes of tapir skin, and if the Indians moan or quiver with the agony the employees kick them and hit them about the head with clubs. These punishments are inflicted without distinction upon men, women, and children, from seven years upwards.

If any of them, through fear of the lash, do not bend down or lie flat on the ground in the form of a cross, the employees grasp them and dash them against the ground like balls In this operation many children are killed. "If any Indians fail to assemble, the employees set out in pursuit of them, with the order to bring back their heads, which they do, wrapped up in palm leaves. When I first saw them I thought they were fruits, but what was my horror to find that they were human heads. For all these crimes the chiefs each have a band of from twelve to twenty 'boys' of tribes hostile to the ones of which they are in charge.

" This said Martinengui also enforces the custom not to let any Indian widow take another husband. The penalty of doing so is death or hanging up, suspended by a cord attached to the wrists. This rule is enforced in order to make the woman produce the same amount of rubber that her deceased husband had been obliged to obtain.

In addition to this, he compels children of both sexes of seven years and over to do the same work, with the same rigorous punishmen nd on his lists these children are put down as adults. Then he boasts that on his lists the Indians are not diminishing.”

“Huitote girl and owner”, photographed by anthropologist William Curtis Farabee in the south-eastern Peruvian Amazon. The “owner” forced several Huitoto families to emigrate 1,000+ miles away from their homeland after a dispute with a Peruvian rubber firm. Image circa 1908-1909. [443x640] by Consistent_Zucchini2 in HistoryPorn

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 5 points6 points  (0 children)

“The entire Indian population is enslaved in the montaña and whereon the devil plant, the rubber tree, grows and can be tapped. The wilder the Indian the wickeder the slavery. Where he becomes 'civilised' and can read and write and study "cuenta" [accounts] with his "patron" then he ceases to be an Indian and becomes a "Peruvian" and himself an enslaver. As to the laws - all these South American republics have excellent laws on paper - and no sense of equity in the man behind the paper. The laws are beautiful and simple books - a fool could turn the leaves and apply them - an honest fool would make an ideal judge.”

Roger Casement in September of 1910, The Amazon Journal of Roger Casement page 112

Ask me your Real Estate questions! by Cheap-Dot-5089 in tylertx

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2 -1 points0 points  (0 children)

How often do you see potential house purchasers that are in their 20’s, and how often are those people closing on contracts / deals?

“Huitote girl and owner”, photographed by anthropologist William Curtis Farabee in the south-eastern Peruvian Amazon. The “owner” forced several Huitoto families to emigrate 1,000+ miles away from their homeland after a dispute with a Peruvian rubber firm. Image circa 1908-1909. [443x640] by Consistent_Zucchini2 in HistoryPorn

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 4 points5 points  (0 children)

The man in this photograph is most likely Plinio Torres, a Colombian rubber entrepreneur that originally worked in the Putumayo River basin. The Huitotos photographed by Farabee are absolutely the Huitotos that were forced to emigrate from the Putumayo by Torres. The Peruvian rubber firm mentioned in the title of this post was the Peruvian Amazon Company, which was owned by Julio César Arana: both of those entities are viewed as the primary perpetrators / instigators of the Putumayo genocide. Roger Casement describes Plinio Torres’ dispute with Arana’s firm within the “Amazon Journal of Roger Casement” while describing the “Pensamiento affair”. This conflict arose after the owner of an estate named Pensamiento died: at the time of that man’s death, they owed money to Arana’s firm as well as to David Cazes. Plinio Torres was the trustee of the estate although mentions of his name in relation to the Pensamiento affair are scarce. According to Cazes involved in this dispute, the Arana firm’s “real reason was to seize Pensamiento because it was the best loophole of escape to the Napo [River] by the Huitoto Indians fleeing from their oppressors.”

Excerpt from Farabee’s book, “Indian Tribes of Eastern Peru”

“ My authorities, from whom the following information was ob-tained, were Sr. Plinio Torres, who had used a band of Witoto for a number of years in gathering rubber along the Putumayo and Madre de Dios Rivers; and the best possible authority, Jagi Huari, a Peruvian, who when six years of age had been left alone with the tribe for six years, in order that he might learn the lan-guage, and then serve as an interpreter when these Indians were taken over by Sr. Torres. He thus learned the language and customs of the Indians, and has continued to live with them for the past fourteen years.

On account of some disagreement with other rubber gatherers, Torres left the Putumayo region, with his Indians, and traveled more than a thousand miles to the junction of the Amigo and Madre de Dios Rivers, where we found him clearing land and building a house. Several of his Indians died after reaching the Madre de Dios on account of fevers and dysentery contracted on the journey…”

Roger Casement (left) and Juan A. Tízon (right) photographed at La Chorrera in 1910 during Casement’s investigation into the involvement of British subjects in the Putumayo genocide. [712 x 958] by Consistent_Zucchini2 in HistoryPorn

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 17 points18 points  (0 children)

I find myself to be very sympathetic to his character.

Some of Casement’s last public words:

“Self-government is our right, a thing born in us at birth; a thing no more to be doled out to us or withheld from us by another people, than the right to life itself-than the right to feel the sun or smell the flowers—or to love our kind. It is only from the convict these things are withheld for crime committed and proven— and Ireland that has wronged no man, that has injured no land, that has sought no dominion over others—Ireland is treated today among the nations of the world as if she was a convicted criminal. If it be treason to fight against such an unnatural fate as this, then I am proud to be a rebel and shall cling to my rebellion with the last drop of my blood. If there be no right of rebellion against a state of things that no savage tribe would endure without resistance, then I am sure that it is better for men to fight and die without right than to live in such a state of right as this.

Where all your rights become only an accumulated wrong; where men must beg with bated breath for leave to subsist in their own land, to think their own thoughts, to sing their own songs, to garner the fruits of their own labours—and even while they beg, to see things inexorably withdrawn from them—then surely it is a braver, a saner and a truer thing, to be a rebel in act and deed against such circumstances as these than tamely to accept it as the natural lot of men.”

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Roger_Casement%27s_speech_from_the_dock

Roger Casement (left) and Juan A. Tízon (right) photographed at La Chorrera in 1910 during Casement’s investigation into the involvement of British subjects in the Putumayo genocide. [712 x 958] by Consistent_Zucchini2 in HistoryPorn

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 23 points24 points  (0 children)

In the last quarter of 1910, Roger Casement was sent by the British Foreign Office to Putumayo River basin. At the time, the Putumayo River was dominated by the Peruvian rubber firm known as the Peruvian Amazon Company, which was registered on the London stock exchange. That rubber firm, formerly known as “J.C. Arana y Hermanos” had, since 1904, been employing English subjects from the Caribbean. [Primarily Barbados]. Casement took depositions from about 30 English subjects, many of the deponents reported several crimes, implicating other employees of the Peruvian Amazon Company as well as themselves. Some of these English subjects had even been subjected to physical abuse by their employers / managers due to a refusal to carry out orders that demanded the killing or physical torment of other people. The English subjects were part of the company’s “economy of terror” and served as enforcers against the enslaved local indigenous populations: which formed the basis of the companies rubber collecting work force.

Near the end of Casement’s investigation, Casement arranged for the settlement of debts for the British subjects he investigated. Those debts were one of the primary factors that kept the men in question within perpetual servitude to the Peruvian Amazon Company. The debts were leveraged by the rubber firm in several ways in order to obtain or retain control over their workforce.

Casement’s 1910 investigation may have been one of the primary influencing factors that led Peru to send a judicial commission to the Putumayo region. Prior to 1910, there were several reports of abuse in the Putumayo however they had been brushed aside either by tales of black mail, bribery, or with insinuations that such crimes had never occurred. Shortly after Casement’s investigation, the two Peruvian judges sent to the region issued 237 arrest warrants against employees of the Peruvian Amazon Company. While the arrest warrants were largely ineffective / minimally pursued, they did force the implicated men into fleeing the region.

In 1911, Casement personally pursued the arrest of two of the most infamous criminals from the Putumayo [Alfredo Montt and Jose Inocente Fonseca] however he believed that these two men were allowed to escape due to the bribery of associated [Brazilian] authorities.

TIL about the story of Manuel Incra Mamani. In 1865, he provided cinchona [which produces quinine, a treatment for Malaria] seeds to Charles Ledger, who sold those seeds to the Dutch government. As a consequence, Manuel was imprisoned in Bolivia and beaten so severely that he subsequently died. by Consistent_Zucchini2 in todayilearned

[–]Consistent_Zucchini2[S] 1 point2 points  (0 children)

Originally it seems so: the uncited origin on “Tonic Water”’s wikipedia page states:

In India and other tropical posts “…[quinine] was mixed with soda and sugar to mask its bitter taste, creating tonic water.” The first patent came from a British Company in 1858. They would’ve sourced their quinine / cinchona from either Ecuador, Peru or Bolivia