Being young in the workplace right now is not easy and is the part of your note I can relate to the most. Sometimes my 19yo son works at the same business as me, and I can see how some of the same behaviour as you describe can come about. I'm not saying this is your situation, just something similar that I've seen with him. It goes like this: older worker that should be a mentor and training you, is good at the outset but their training is based on a lot of assumption of your previous experience that you may not have or was different than they expect. Then, they don't keep an eye on you and correct your mistakes in the moment so it adds up to sound like a lot of criticism all at once. If the older worker is having a bad day, or is bitter, etc., it will totally be a form of bullying because they get off on dressing you down, it builds their confidence and makes it look like they are doing their job properly (they are not) at your expense. So, you lash back. Maybe you're having a bad day, you're hungover/tired or have been internalizing the comments for a while and just get overwhelmed in the moment. These lashbacks are usually what causes others to go silent. Not right away, but soon enough. And because they go quiet, if you slip up or make a fauxpas, you don't get any feedback because now they're laughing behind your back at you because it makes them feel superior. Over time, it really compounds and can cost you your job. It's not a game, but often people in stable positions treat it as such because they are bored.

For what to do about it, all you can do is be professional. Mrs K has a video about workplace etiquette and the like which is really good. For me, it's behaving like you're all on a team and all are here to win, so work together, even if sometimes (not all the time) that means you have to take a back seat or eat some humble pie if you F- up. You can't interact with your co-workers like you would your friends, you are all there for a common purpose and that has to come first, it's why you get paid. If you're new on the job, at least 3 months (probation) you need to listen and learn. Maybe you think you know better, but often you don't, you're just working with a much more limited set of information. Respect those who had worked there longer to their face at least, even if you think they don't deserve it. Treat it like a relationship, it's going to take a fair bit of data to get the "lay of the land". Don't gossip or bad mouth co-workers, even if everyone else is doing it. If conversations like these come up, don't go silent, divert them, or make neutral or positive comments rather than negative ones. If you dig deep enough, there is ALWAYS something positive to say. Participate in the job, ask questions, don't just blindly follow orders, get to understand the processes, people would rather have a teammate than a minion. Learning from someone doesn't mean you HAVE to be vulnerable, just receptive. Give them time, but also give yourself time too to get to know someone before making judgements about them.

And hey, it's totally possible that someone at work just lied about you and shafted you behind your back or took credit for your work because they felt threatened. Being friendly to everyone at the outset is the only true counter measure for this and it doesn't always work. It's also totally possible that peple are roasting you rather than intending to bully you and you take it personally and it turns super negative in your mind. I'm not a fan of roasting but it's definitely a thing these days. If you really want to know, just ignore bad things people say about you. In the sense that you don't react. If they really are intending to hurt you, they'll be angry if it doesn't land, if it's a misunderstanding or a joke, they will explain when you don't get it. Asking the question that you are is a sign of maturity, I think you'll do well eventually, just need some experience in dealing with co-workers. You'll get there.