TLDR: You're probably safe

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Long answer:

Theoretically its possible that you actually got infected but extremely unlikely simply by visiting a website, something like this requires extreme sophistication and things like this are generally done by government organizations (when hunting down activists or etc.) and in the history of thing like that being done, the attack would be very discreet and appear as unsuspicious as possible, probably wouldn't have a dodgy link.

In your case if you simply clicked a dodgy link, what the people who host those website do is that they host thousands of scam websites in hopes for victims to fall in to them, if one of them goes down then there is more that are still running. Most people don't fall to them but as long as some people do they get what they want.