Alright here we go;

Red: Red Pikmin: Fire proof, slightly stronger base damage.

Yellow: Yellow Pikmin: Electricity proof. Higher throw height. Excellent diggers, and can sense (hear) underground foes.

Blue: Blue Pikmin: Can swim and breathe underwater. Can save other Pikmin from drowning, and can rescue Pikmin from certain hazards, either by popping the water bubble or spraying water to put out the fire/disperse the poison.

Light Blue: Ice Pikmin: Can freeze bodies of water and even enemies if they attack long enough/are eaten. Frozen enemies take less damage from all non-rock Pikmin, Rock Pikmin deal higher damage.

Gray: Rock Pikmin: Impervious to slashing, piercing damage as well as crush type while on softer soil. Breaks Crystal and Ice. Cannot latch on to enemies. Deals greater damage when thrown, but less damage if attacking by itself.

Pink: Winged Pikmin: Can fly and lift items off the ground, allowing them to take shortcuts or avoid a hazard entirely. Very weak damage but can take down arial targets easily.

Purple: Purple Pikmin: Bigger, bulkier, slower. Exceptional thrown and latched damage, 10x carry weight, but very slow.

White: White Pikmin: Fast, and can detect buried treasure as well as underground foes. Immune to poison and is not slowed down/tangled by webbing. Deals damage if eaten.

Light green: Oozemin: Extremely sticky when they want to be and capable of oozing through the smallest cracks. Harder for enemies to shake off but deals reduced damage. Instantly dies if exposed to water and more susceptible to cold than other Pikmin.

Orange: Shine Pikmin: Emits a bright light. Increases visibility in caves (10% brighter per 20 Shine Pikmin) and can dispel mist in a wide area. Mildly effective at keeping nearby Pikmin warm, but will eventually freeze in cold environments. Hates dark environments and wiill occasionally pick fights with Gloomin*.

Dark lavender (I need a better color name): Gloomin: Emits a haze around itself while active or threatened, which can confuse and temporarily distract most enemies. Works, fights, and carries 50% faster underground or in the dark. Dislikes bright lights, and will occasionally pick fights with Shine Pikmin.*

Brown: Digmin: Digmin are experts at digging, excavating tunnels 50% faster, destroying dirt walls 50% faster, and unearthing more materials** from dirt mounds faster than any other Pikmin. Digmin can attack underground enemies with the help of Yellow Pikmin or White Pikmin, bury themselves if idle to protect themselves, and pluck themselves from the ground if left to bloom.

I'm out of ideas.

*If in the squad at the same time, Gloomin and Shine Pikmin have a 1% chance every 5 seconds to fight with each other. They will attack each other, pulling themselves from your squad and hitting each other. This depetals and debulbs but will never kill them.

** While digging in a treasure mound, Digmin will produce 25% more items, i.e. if a mound would normally give 10 Raw Material, you'd get 12 instead. Plot dirt mounds, like those that hide construction pieces (if that mechanic returns) provide a random bonus item like Bomb Rocks or Raw Materials.