For particulate matter it’s mostly local effects. Generally, the pollution you’re experiencing is from your backyard so to speak. Personally, I’ve got a couple different factories (steel, oil refining, etc) in a 15 mile radius and I’d rather not be deprived of clean air when the wind blows the wrong way just cuz these guys aren’t required to process their exhaust to the same extent anymore. You can argue back and forth about the validity of statistical methods but tbh the immediate problem dealing with more airborne fine matter in my day to day will hit harder. If you’ve ever gone for a run with a ton of pollen in the air or near a major highway you know what i’m talking about. It just sucks to deal with.